International Yoga Teacher Training The Good, The Bad...

International Yoga Teacher Training:: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly If you have ever considered taking part in a Yoga Teacher Training overseas there are a few key things you need to know first. The Backstory:: As the director of a purpose built Yoga and Ayurvedic retreat center for over 5 years, I was blessed to meet yoga teachers from around the world who traveled from near and far to offer their yoga teacher training programs as month long intensive retreat experiences at our resort. There were some truly amazing schools and programs and there were those who were, well, not so great. There were even could be described as â€Å"nightmarish†. After years of watching the ups and downs of these programs I had had enough and decided to create our own comprehensive training program. I could see that the system was for the most part, broken and I wanted to do something about it. Unfortunately, the practices that I will describe are alive and well and growing in overseas intensive Yoga Teacher Training programs. The Good: Let’s start on a positive note! Some select programs are simply amazing. The teachers are well informed and absolutely love what they do. They practice what they preach. They dedicate their lives to creating the most amazing experience for their students. They teach yoga because it’s transformed their lives. It’s what they were born to do. They understand that yoga is more than a physical practice and that belief overflows into the way that they

Blood In Macbeth Essay - 1293 Words

William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is about a struggle for power in Scotland. Macbeth, the main character, gets prophecies from three witches about his future accomplishments that will come to him. One of his prophecies is that Macbeth will become king, Macbeth hearing this he becomes ambitious and later kills the current King Duncan, making himself the new king. A tragic ending comes to Macbeth when the people leave him and his world collapses around him. Blood is a recurring theme in this play; the theme of blood shows the setting of the play at that time and the different moods and emotions acquired by the characters. This idea of blood in the characters mind reverse from the beginning of the play to the end. Blood traverses the play†¦show more content†¦Macbeth thinks what he has done is a terrible thing when he looks at his hands, quot;This is a sorry sight,quot; although he has brought the daggers out with him which scares Lady Macbeth. She tells Macbeth to go back and quot;smear the sleepy grooms with blood.quot; Macbeth refuses to go because he is so shook up that he only can stare at his hands. He wants his blood that is on his hands which is full of his sickness and his nervousness off, quot;Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / clean from my hand?quot; Macbeth answers his own question saying that this sickness and nervousness on his hands will not go away but it will make the ocean red with this bl ood, quot;No; this my hand will rather / the multitudinous seas incarnadine, / making the green one red.quot; Lady Macbeth return’s to find her husband obsessed with the blood she has a different feeling about the blood in this scene.Lady Macbeth keeps her composer and puts on a faà §ade to the world. The blood on her seems to not bother her, evil has filled within her and a little blood does not tamper with her emotions. After she smears the guards with the king’s blood, she returns to her husband proclaiming him as a coward. She tells her husband that her hands are exactly the same color as his but she is shamed that he has a quot;whitequot; coward heart, quot;My hands are of your colour but I shame/ To wear a heart so white.quot; She tells herShow MoreRelatedBlood in Macbeth1411 Words   |  6 PagesBlood in Macbeth William Shakespeare wove many motifs like blood into his play Macbeth, written in 1606. These motifs serve to reveal many different aspects of the plot, characters, and themes. The Blood motif is often used throughout the play to symbolize guilt, or the lack of it. The two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are driven by ambition to commit evil actions including murder. Lady Macbeth plots to have her husband murder king Duncan of Scotland, so that Macbeth can take the throneRead MoreMacbeth: Blood2368 Words   |  10 PagesTracing A Word: Blood Act 1 1.) A. Quotation and speaker: Lady Macbeth: Bring forth men-children only; For thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males. Will it not be received, When we have markd with blood those sleepy two Of his own chamber and used their very daggers, That they have donet? (1.7.72-77) B. Paraphrase and clarification: Hopefully you will only have male children, For you should compose nothing that isn’t masculine. When we have marked the servantsRead MoreTheme Of Blood In Macbeth1200 Words   |  5 Pagespicture in Macbeth. Image patterns. Gender Inversion, fertility, sleep, sensory denial, all of these patterns are depicted in the Shakespeare’s unsurpassed Macbeth. However, there is one pattern that marks the mind more than the others. Blood. A pattern seen in multiple instances in the play, but has a deep-seated meaning with Macbeth and his troubles. Shakespeare uses blood as the main image in Macbeth to reveal the forever impending and mucilaginous power of self torturing guilt. Blood takes a malevolentRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 Pagesevident as the bloody hands of Macbeth and his obsession with them. Macbeth has killed King Duncan and doesn’t stop there, he kills the guards making Duncan’s sons flee. This gives Macbeth the throne. However he becomes overwhelmed with the guilt. Shakespeare uses blood to show how it reminds Macbeth of the violent acts he has committed and how he has become obsessed with the blood on his hands. Initially the blood represents courage and bravery. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- â€Å"disdainingRead MoreMacbeth Imagery Blood1442 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Imagery in Macbeth Shakespeare’s plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. This is particularly true in Macbeth and the many allusions to blood. The use of blood imagery gives the reader some foresight into what is going on in the play and how the characters are thinking and feeling. Blood is used to represent heroics on the battlefield, evil and murderous inclinations, and ultimately guilt and shame. Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to give the readers insight intoRead MoreMeaning Of Blood In Macbeth1318 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares World-Renowned play, Macbeth. Macbeth contains a copious amount of blood imagery, but not all of the imagery has to mean anything, or have the same exact meaning. Blood is omnipresent literally and figuratively throughout the play. What does blood actually mean in Macbeth? Some say blood represents the Macbeths’ guilt, and some include greed. In Jesuss point of view, blood has a holy and sacred meaning of life, and further suppor t from Cliffnotes.com, â€Å"Blood itself — the color, the smellRead MoreSymbol of Blood in Macbeth828 Words   |  4 Pages† (I ii 7-10). When Macbeth says these words, it is when we begin to get the full picture of the play and how powerful the image of blood really is. Throughout the play the symbol of blood changes meaning. It starts with blood representing honour and pride for your country and develops into treason and treachery. At the end of the play we see it had blossomed into guilt. Blood is an essential part of life and the same is true in Macbeth. At the beginning of the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, thereRead MoreSymbolism Of Blood In Macbeth766 Words   |  4 PagesConsidered to be Shakespeare’s most bloody work, Macbeth portrays its plot perfectly: Macbeth’s bloody rise to power and his tragic downfall. Throughout the play, the symbolism of blood advances this plot. We are introduced to Macbeth as a brave soldier without flaw, but he soon becomes consumed with achieving his â€Å"fated† future. From the moment Macbeth murdered Duncan, the symbolism of blood represents throughout the play his conscience, his dynamic character change, and his and Lady Macbeth’s guiltRead MoreRole Of Blood In Macbeth1918 Words   |  8 Pages Blood in Macbeth Essay Blood was very evident throughout William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Violence caused blood to drip from the fingers of characters and stain them for the rest of their life. Blood meant various things in the play but it was certainly seen, literally and mentally. Hallucinations were commonly experienced in the play and added to things such as the plot and character development. Blood in Macbeth is more important when it is imagined by characters but is not actually there becauseRead MoreMacbeth Blood Essay2596 Words   |  11 Pagesitself heroic, because his loss of blood has made him weak. Thus his blood and his heroism seem to enhance the picture of Macbeth as a hero. As Lady Macbeth plans to kill King Duncan, she calls upon the spirits of murder to make thick my blood; stop up the access and passage to remorse. Thin blood was considered wholesome, and it was thought that poison made blood thick. Lady Macbeth wants to poison her own soul, so that she can kill without remorse. Macbeth says this is a sorry sight, looking

Qualitative Research in Multicultural Psychology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Research in Multicultural Psychology. Answer: Introduction: This report critically evaluates a research article from the Pain Management Nursing Journal. The article published in this journal is likely to be considered significant because it is a peer reviewed journal focusing mainly on pain management and its application in nursing practice. It is published in many developing countries and as this journal mainly provides professional support in pain management, it is likely to give useful insight to nurse about the evidence based practice needed to manage infant pain during venipuncture. The article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) is evaluated in this report and all the author are qualified in the field of nursing. Yuen-Man Chik has a RN, BSN in the field of pediatric and adolescent medicine, Wan-Yim Ip has work experience in the Faculty of Medicine in Nethersole School of Nursing and Kai-Chow Choi has BSC and PhD degree and work experience in Nethersole School of Nursing. All the author have work experience in Hongkong Nursing school and the rese arch has also been conducted in Hongkong (Chik, Ip Choi 2016). As all the author focus on improvement of nursing practice and Chik has experience in adolescent medicine, their research article is likely to support nurse in her decision regarding initiating massage as an intervention for pain management in neonatal care unit. The research by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) aimed to investigate about the effect of upper lumber message on relieving pain among infants undergoing venipuncture. The importance of the research on this topic is understood from the background of the research which explains that venipuncture is often done in infants to mitigate the negative effects of pain, however the author pointed out the limitation in infant pain manage due to little knowledge about infant pain reactivity. This research became important because although it is an effect nonpharmacological approach to pain management, however very few research has been done to evaluate the effect of massage on pain relief in infants. The author particularly focussed on massage as a solution to pain relief by reviewing its efficacy by conducting literature review. The article presented adequate evidence to prove the therapeutic effect of pain in infants undergoing venipuncture. All the articles reviewed mainly gave the common result that m assage was associated with lower pain score and heart level in intervention group compared to control group before going for heelstick. Despite the presence of evidence regarding therapeutic effect of massage, the significance of Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) work is that it aimed to evaluate the effect of massage on relieving pain during venipuncture. The research also had links to nursing practice because venipuncture is mostly performed by nurses and so it is critical that they possess knowledge to manage pain in infants during such procedures. The responsibility of nurse in managing pain is also important because of the magnitude of pain response in children during hospital stay. For instance, literature review section showed that many physiological changes occur in infants due to procedural pain. This is also consistent with the research by Czarnecki et al., (2011) which suggested that non-pharmacological measures should be adapted by nurse to provide optimal comfort to patient during procedural pain. Although such procedure cannot be completely eliminated due to health needs of children, however nurse can enhance their practice by using non-pharmacological measure to reduce pain. Hence, in relevance with the research problem, the objective of the study was to assess pain response in infants and find out the impact of lumbar m assage on reducing pain response in children undergoing venipuncture. Considering the aim of the research, Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) used the most appropriate research design of crossover double-blind, randomized controlled trial. As there was no evidence regarding the impact of massage on pain relief during venipuncture, hence this research focused mainly on evaluation a nursing intervention related to pain management. Hence, randomized controlled trial is the best study design for this purpose as it is specially designed to test a new treatment or intervention. In the research, Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) enhanced the interpretability of research findings by taking two groups. The first massage group received upper limb massage intervention on the first occasion and usual care on the second occasion and vice versa in the 2nd group. As each crossover patients act as their own control, they reduce the effect of confounding variables in the study (Hui, D., Zhukovsky, D. S., Bruera, E. (2015). Hence, the threats or biasness in internal construct is minimized by the use of cross over RCT design. In addition, the process of randomly assigning infants to two groups with the use of random numbers minimized the likelihood of differential treatment of outcomes in research study (Karanicolas, Farrokhyar, Bhandari, 2010). The strength of any research evidence is also determined by the selection of appropriate sample for the study and the use of effective sampling technique to ensure that the target population is represented in the study (Ritchie, Lewis Elam, 2013).. This consideration was met by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) as exclusion and inclusion criteria ensured that sample represented the target population. The research mainly aimed to manage pain in infants and the inclusion criteria defined the sample taken in detail. For example, the study included infants born at gestational age of 30 to 40 weeks, age within a week of birth and most importantly all must be requiring venipuncture for the detection of infection. To avoid getting anomalous results, children having central nervous system anomaly or those receiving intermuscular blocking agent before getting the intervention were excluded. This was important because due to the affect of intermuscular blocking agent, massage will not have an effect on infants. The crossover and randomized sampling design minimizes sample biases as the process of providing different treatment to each patients during different time intervals yields more efficient comparison of treatments than any other research design (Jones Kenward, 2014). Parents of 91 infants were assessed for eligibility and the final sample size was 80. Adequate follow up regarding participants discontinuing intervention in between was also kept, however no power analysis was done by the researcher which is a drawback of the study. The review of the data collection section of the article showed that Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) used video recording to observe the behavioural state of infant. Secondly, to define physiological state of children during pain, heart rate was recorded using electrocardiogram and oxygen saturation by using an infrared oximeter. The key strength of data collection process is that the researcher just not used these instruments to analyse pain response of infants but also considered way to enhance the data collection process. For example, electrocardiogram was connected with data acquisition system and all behavioural and physiological data were time synchronize to clear understand the impact both before and after the intervention. Secondly, the PIPP tool used for recording pain score was a good decision as research has proved it is the most reliable tool to assess acute pain both in pre term and term infants (Gibbins et al., 2014). This ensured that the procedure was high both on validity and reliability. The strength of the research is also understood from the way intervention was provided to both groups. The randomization process with the use of number table ensured intervenation was equally distributed in two groups. Efficient reporting was also seen in the article as intervention and its method of delivery was effectively described. The fidelity of the intervention was maintained by recruiting experienced NICU nurse for conducting the upper limb massage. During the delivery of the intervention, treatment group received massage involving the technique of stroking, milking, rolling and gentle squeezing and then a physician performed venipuncture on the infant. On the other hand, the control group received no massage, just usual care by holding hand to facilitate venipuncture. In addition, biasness was minimize by covering the upper limb of each infants with quilt irrespective of control and intervention group. On the whole, the validity of research procedure is confirmed by the proc ess of blinding, providing intervention and taking approval from local ethical committee. Adhering to ethical norms ensure that knowledge, truth and avoidance of error is promoted in research work and trust and fairness in maintained during research process (Ponterotto, 2013). The strength of the research study is that powerful analytic method was used to analysed research data. For instance, the statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 and the benefits of using this statistical tool was that the software had the capability to enhance decision making and improve productivity through simulation modelling and augmented integration with other tools (IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. (2017). The level of significance in the study was set at 0.5 which means there was an effort to minimise type 1 error. In addition, descriptive statistics was used to present the data by calculating standard deviation and frequency. The researcher also considered about evaluating difference in pain score by the use of generalized estimating equations (GEE models). This reflects the statistical quality in the work was maintained and numerical data for outcomes as well as different in research outcome was presented (Mertler Reinhart, 2016). Another strength of statistical analysis is that Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) considered the effect size by quantifying the difference in outcome in two groups on the basis of regression coefficient. The regression coefficient helped to estimate the size of the difference and the main implication of such statistical analysis is that it is useful for quantifying the effectiveness of a particular intervention (Polit, 2013).Furthermore, two tailed test was used which implies that researcher was of the opinion that extreme portions of distribution in outcome (pain relief) could be seen. The final results from the study was that improvement in pain scores were seen on the first occasion after giving massage compared to without massage. The GEE statistical model further proved the effectiveness of the massage intervention by showing that pain scores significantly decreased in patient who received massage compared to control group. Hence, the purpose of research has been achieved and it is also c onsistent with the research study by (Zargham-Boroujeni, Elsagh Mohammadizadeh, 2017) which suggested that massage and breastfeeding as a pain control measure for infant undergoing venipuncture due to its role in lowering pain in infants. Conclusion: The main conclusion from the critical appraisal of the article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) is that the research is considered reliable in proving that upper limb massage reduces pan in infants due to venipuncture. The use of validated and reliable pain score tool PIPP enhanced the reliability of the results and the author concluded that massage as pain relieving measure during venipuncture should be considered in future. The only limitation is that type of massage was not standardized according to clinical practice and more research is needed in this area. Despite this limitation, the research article has useful implication for nursing practice because nurses often need to take blood samples of infants and avoiding venipuncture is not possible for them. Hence, nurse can use massage as a technique to provide comfort to infants during venipuncture Relevance to nursing practice and case study: The above research on impact of upper limb massage can inform nursing practice and enable the nurse in the case study to take appropriate decision. According to the case scenario, the nurse working in a neonatal intensive care unit at a large tertiary care hospital was asked by the CNC to commence massage for venipuncture pain in infants. Hence, the most important step needed by nurse in this situation was to review evidence based research article on the intervention and then take decision regarding applying the intervention in clinical setting. While evaluating the research article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016), the first criteria for nurse would be to check whether patient value is preserved by the intervention or not. The research article gave the idea that massage can be easily used by nurse before venipuncture to minimize pain in infants. Another advantage of massage is that it is an easy to use technique requiring no extra cost or equipments. Secondly, the patient value is also protected as it is not an invasive procedure and would cause no harm to patient (Field, 2014). However, the only consideration that a nurse requires before implementing it in clinical practice is that they need to develop the clinical expertise regarding the technique of massage by complete massage education. The nurse can also be sure to use this in neonatal care by comparing the findings with other available evidence. The articles used in the literature review section of the article as well as the (Zargham-Boroujeni, Elsagh, Mohammadizadeh, (2017) also proved that massage is a natural, useful and free intervention that can be easily used by the nurse. No expense regarding special facility or equipment is also required Hence, in the context of the case study, the nurse can commence this intervention after getting proper massage education from experienced nurses. Reference Chik, Y., Ip, W., Choi, K. (2016). The effect of upper limb massage on infants venipuncture pain. Pain Management Nursing, 18(1), 50-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2016.10.001 Czarnecki, M. L., Turner, H. N., Collins, P. M., Doellman, D., Wrona, S., Reynolds, J. (2011). Procedural pain management: A position statement with clinical practice recommendations.Pain Management Nursing,12(2), 95-111. Field, T. (2014). Massage therapy research review.Complementary therapies in clinical practice,20(4), 224-229. Gibbins, S., Stevens, B. J., Yamada, J., Dionne, K., Campbell-Yeo, M., Lee, G., ... Taddio, A. (2014). Validation of the premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R).Early human development,90(4), 189-193. Hui, D., Zhukovsky, D. S., Bruera, E. (2015). Which treatment is better? Ascertaining patient preferences with crossover randomized controlled trials.Journal of pain and symptom management,49(3), 625-631. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. (2017).IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 Available for Download - United States. Www-01.ibm.com [online] Available at: https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21646821 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Jones, B., Kenward, M. G. (2014).Design and analysis of cross-over trials. CRC Press. Karanicolas, P. J., Farrokhyar, F., Bhandari, M. (2010). Blinding: Who, what, when, why, how?.Canadian journal of surgery,53(5), 345. Mertler, C. A., Reinhart, R. V. (2016).Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. Routledge. Pain Management Nursing. (2017). Painmanagementnursing.org. [online] Available at: https://www.painmanagementnursing.org/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Polit, D. F. (2013).Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research: Pearson New International Edition: Do I Really Need This Stuff?. Pearson Higher Ed. Ponterotto, J. G. (2013). Qualitative research in multicultural psychology: Philosophical underpinnings, popular approaches, and ethical considerations.Qualitative Psychology,1, 19. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Elam, R. G. (2013). Selecting samples.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers, 111. Zargham-Boroujeni, A., Elsagh, A., Mohammadizadeh, M. (2017). The effects of massage and breastfeeding on response to venipuncture pain among hospitalized neonates.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research,22(4), 308.

System Science And Light Rail Network †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the System Science And Light Rail Network. Answer: Introduction The light rail network is one of the most innovative techniques that have been developed in the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales. The network is highly advanced and connected through the power lines which are meant for providing the best services to the customers by avoiding much chaos and traffic. The project is extending more and till date, it has covered more than a 12km route with 19 stops. The 12km route connects several parts of the country, even the hilly areas, and high street. The combined structure of the light rail network significantly provides the best transport access to the majority of the public along with the major sporting and entertainment (Zamani, et al., 2017). As per Addison, the health services are also facilitated along with the additional rail services which provide the extra capacity for the majority of the events. The high-frequency services of the light rail structure "turn up and go" operates in every four minutes in the peak. The customers are highly satisfied with the services as they are very much reliable and considered as high-capacity services. Some additional special events in between the stops are also arranged in the road stops (Addison, 2017). The process of constructing the light rail network in the city was quite challenging when compared with the old street of the Australia. The requirement to build the network was high and meets all the safety standards. The light rail network in the Australia will be the speedy transport system which will be running with the help of the electrical power along with the drivers who will be operating it properly. It aims to reduce the more congestion and will evaluate more public capacity transport solution in the city. This particular design discusses the detailed features of the light rail networks that have been in the Australia city. The report also discusses the rail networks facilities in the city that aims to make the transport more easy and smooth (Ahlberg, Nilson Walsh, 2016). Some recommendations are also mentioned in order to reduce the traffic-related problem of the city. Preliminary design The light rail network is one of the transportation design developed in the Australian city, New South Whales. The entire system is mainly controlled by the New South Whales government. The extended versions of the network are faster in movements rather than the weight. The Sydney has developed the extensive network in order to combine a wide range of public for the service by reducing the issues of the traffic congestions (BRINSON Brinson, 2016). The facility is one of the most vital transports for the passengers and provides the sustainable system. The traffic problems have probably increased the stress and tensions of the passengers to travel from place to the other. Various analyses were done regarding the network development to check the feasibility which is mainly attached with the pollution and safety of the citizens. The improvised lines are used to reduce the congestion in CBD. The lines are connected to several routes with the bus facility and the LNR construction has been started from the year 2015. The LNR has been developed in the underground which again provides the best services for reducing the traffic. All these operations are done with the help of the single class of light rail vehicle. The primary design of the system was mainly used with the help of the gauge tracks by using the 750 volts of electric current. According to Chaichan, et al, the design was incorporated with the Inner West Light which mainly operates in the L1 Dulwich Hill Line. The recent network is connected up to 12.8km and connects 23 lines (Chaichan, et al., 2016). The second line is under the construction and the further lines are under progression which will be serving the Western Sydney. According to the reports, more than 9.1 million passengers can be accommodated on the network. The network is also compared with the automobile industry and the increase in the network is considered as the most cost-effective approach to the government. The effective lines, as well as the growth in it, are providing the relevant services to the Australian citizens. The increase in the speed of designing of the network is making the people more curious. According to the discussed light rail design, the speeds of the system will be 20-15km/hr which will be depending on different movements of the abatements (Hybertson, 2016). Detailed design and development of the network In general most of the rail infrastructure are poorly planned by the organization and the people those who are associated with the project design and implementation. But the light rail structure of the Sydney is one of the extraordinary approaches to transform the public domain of the city. The design covers the 12 kilometers from the Randwick and Kingsford towards the central station and the Circular Quay, the Sydney CBD as well as the South East Light rail project is designed to reduce the congestion issues of eth cities and improves the reliability of the transportation (Madland Nix, 2017). The network from the George Street into the world-class shared pedestrian boulevard is the Australia's first wire-free network. Hassell is in the partnership with the transportation of the NSW that delivers the reference design to guide the sensitive integration of the light rail project and also to distinguish the urban-environment diversification. It creates the high-quality and friendly domain and the system has been befitting with the global status of the city. The urban design is quite critical that ensures the simply infrastructure of the projects that are more focused on how the people work and use the resources, puts efforts on the context and unlocks the potential for the urban transportation. For the light rail network, the HASSELL have designed the stops and interchanges, access the public and environment domain opportunities and impacts; develop the landscape for the public according to the strategy keeping the fundamental and economic conditions as the first priority (Mallick Patro, 2016). The reference design provides the detailed framework for the rail's infrastructure that is more focused on the making the stops which are legible and visible on the street, improve the connectivity, creates a beautiful public domain that is characterized by the Sydney. These designs are provided by the Park, civic and boulevard each of which is responsible for the existing built design form and the character of the landscape. It creates the ordered and unified thread for the light rail network. The reference design provides the range of opportunities in order to introduce the sustainable initiatives, the benefits and the outlines of the networks that are implemented through the strategic urban planning and permeable surfaces. The strategic planning supports the process of water treatment and mitigating the heat island, reuse, and the collection (Pulkkinen, et al., 2017). The design is now focused on the "leading rating" as well as on the sustainable rating scheme for designing the light rail network. The Sydney light rail network reference design aims to create the exceptional framework that for the public that will provide the vision to a greener will connect a number of people and sustainable in nature. System test, evaluation, validation and optimization The Sydney's light rail network was put its paces in the last week for the testing purpose in the France, where it has proved to be a resounding success. The first test took place at the Alstom, which saw a test drive for 750-meter test track and they reached the speed of 70km/hr. the vehicle has gone through several testing with the first 30 vehicles for the South East light rail and CBD. It was done a few months ago in the Australia. The early light rail network system was able to carry only 450 people at a time, but advancement in the new design is capable of carrying more than 13,500 passengers per hour (Ranjhitha Rajkumar, 2016). This leads to the reduction in the congestion of the traffic of the city. The vehicle will further decrease loads of the passengers with the efficient energy magnet tools, the improvised LED lights, sensor-based air-conditioners as well as the capturing activities of the parts used in the system. As per Regalbuto, the vehicles are able to recover and capture the 99 percent of the energy from banking and are recycling in nature (Regalbuto, 2016). After the proper evaluation, the light rail system of the Sydney is considered as the best across eth world. The cities are increasing and turning to the buses which are relatively less flexible and efficient. They are coming in small scope and provides fewer chances in maintain the road networks in the city. The dense location in the Sydney has more than 6,000 buses which makes the roads more busy and fussy. So, the government has planned best network with the advancement in the technology that will reduce the pollution, noise and lumbering vehicles in the city (Shackelford, et al., 2016). After appropriate testing and evaluation of the networks and street levels, the idea was suggested in the center where the walking is the primary mode. The light rail network is capable of taking the load and operates in minutes with high frequency and efficiency. The South East light rail and the CBD are expected to be completed in the year 2019. The validation of the network will run until the end of 2034 that will operate and maintain the entire network system of the city (Wang, 2016). The process is highly efficient and optimized in nature which is capable of adopting any changes made during the designing phase. Basically, the optimization of any device is according to the implementation of the various parts used in it. In the same manner, the advanced technologies that are used in the network make the light rail system highly optimized across the country (Zaidi, et al., 2016). Conclusion The entire report gives the detail information about the light rail network of the Sydney which is capable of reducing the traffic congestion of the city. The infrastructure is designed by the HASELL and NSW that covers the wide area of the city along with several stops. It helps to minimize the issues that were rising between the residents and pedestrians on one hand and provides the best services of rail to the citizens which can accommodate more than thousands of people at a time. It also avoids the excessive dependence on the single on the CBD and convinced the travelers with the best entertainment programs. The best part of the project is, it contributes and operates on very less amount as compared to the buses in the city. References Addison, P.S., 2017.The illustrated wavelet transform handbook: introductory theory and applications in science, engineering, medicine and finance. CRC press. Ahlberg, J.H., Nilson, E.N. and Walsh, J.L., 2016.The Theory of Splines and Their Applications: Mathematics in Science and Engineering: A Series of Monographs and Textbooks(Vol. 38). Elsevier. 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Pulkkinen, A., Bernabeu, E., Thomson, A., Viljanen, A., Pirjola, R., Boteler, D., Eichner, J., Cilliers, P.J., Welling, D., Savani, N.P. and Weigel, R.S., 2017. Geomagnetically induced currents: Science, engineering, and applications readiness.Space Weather,15(7), pp.828-856. Ranjhitha, G. and Rajkumar, M.V., 2016. Implementation of Genetic Algorithm based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic System.International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET),5(11), pp.18860-18868. Regalbuto, J. ed., 2016.Catalyst preparation: science and engineering. CRC Press. Shackelford, J.F., Han, Y.H., Kim, S. and Kwon, S.H., 2016.CRC materials science and engineering handbook. CRC press. Wang, Y., 2016. Big Data Algebra (BDA): A Denotational Mathematical Structure for Big Data Science and Engineering.Journal of Advanced Mathematics and Applications,5(1), pp.3-25. Zaidi, S.S.E.A., Mansoor, S., Ali, Z., Tashkandi, M. and Mahfouz, M.M., 2016. 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