International Yoga Teacher Training The Good, The Bad...

International Yoga Teacher Training:: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly If you have ever considered taking part in a Yoga Teacher Training overseas there are a few key things you need to know first. The Backstory:: As the director of a purpose built Yoga and Ayurvedic retreat center for over 5 years, I was blessed to meet yoga teachers from around the world who traveled from near and far to offer their yoga teacher training programs as month long intensive retreat experiences at our resort. There were some truly amazing schools and programs and there were those who were, well, not so great. There were even could be described as â€Å"nightmarish†. After years of watching the ups and downs of these programs I had had enough and decided to create our own comprehensive training program. I could see that the system was for the most part, broken and I wanted to do something about it. Unfortunately, the practices that I will describe are alive and well and growing in overseas intensive Yoga Teacher Training programs. The Good: Let’s start on a positive note! Some select programs are simply amazing. The teachers are well informed and absolutely love what they do. They practice what they preach. They dedicate their lives to creating the most amazing experience for their students. They teach yoga because it’s transformed their lives. It’s what they were born to do. They understand that yoga is more than a physical practice and that belief overflows into the way that they

Blood In Macbeth Essay - 1293 Words

William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is about a struggle for power in Scotland. Macbeth, the main character, gets prophecies from three witches about his future accomplishments that will come to him. One of his prophecies is that Macbeth will become king, Macbeth hearing this he becomes ambitious and later kills the current King Duncan, making himself the new king. A tragic ending comes to Macbeth when the people leave him and his world collapses around him. Blood is a recurring theme in this play; the theme of blood shows the setting of the play at that time and the different moods and emotions acquired by the characters. This idea of blood in the characters mind reverse from the beginning of the play to the end. Blood traverses the play†¦show more content†¦Macbeth thinks what he has done is a terrible thing when he looks at his hands, quot;This is a sorry sight,quot; although he has brought the daggers out with him which scares Lady Macbeth. She tells Macbeth to go back and quot;smear the sleepy grooms with blood.quot; Macbeth refuses to go because he is so shook up that he only can stare at his hands. He wants his blood that is on his hands which is full of his sickness and his nervousness off, quot;Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / clean from my hand?quot; Macbeth answers his own question saying that this sickness and nervousness on his hands will not go away but it will make the ocean red with this bl ood, quot;No; this my hand will rather / the multitudinous seas incarnadine, / making the green one red.quot; Lady Macbeth return’s to find her husband obsessed with the blood she has a different feeling about the blood in this scene.Lady Macbeth keeps her composer and puts on a faà §ade to the world. The blood on her seems to not bother her, evil has filled within her and a little blood does not tamper with her emotions. After she smears the guards with the king’s blood, she returns to her husband proclaiming him as a coward. She tells her husband that her hands are exactly the same color as his but she is shamed that he has a quot;whitequot; coward heart, quot;My hands are of your colour but I shame/ To wear a heart so white.quot; She tells herShow MoreRelatedBlood in Macbeth1411 Words   |  6 PagesBlood in Macbeth William Shakespeare wove many motifs like blood into his play Macbeth, written in 1606. These motifs serve to reveal many different aspects of the plot, characters, and themes. The Blood motif is often used throughout the play to symbolize guilt, or the lack of it. The two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are driven by ambition to commit evil actions including murder. Lady Macbeth plots to have her husband murder king Duncan of Scotland, so that Macbeth can take the throneRead MoreMacbeth: Blood2368 Words   |  10 PagesTracing A Word: Blood Act 1 1.) A. Quotation and speaker: Lady Macbeth: Bring forth men-children only; For thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males. Will it not be received, When we have markd with blood those sleepy two Of his own chamber and used their very daggers, That they have donet? (1.7.72-77) B. Paraphrase and clarification: Hopefully you will only have male children, For you should compose nothing that isn’t masculine. When we have marked the servantsRead MoreTheme Of Blood In Macbeth1200 Words   |  5 Pagespicture in Macbeth. Image patterns. Gender Inversion, fertility, sleep, sensory denial, all of these patterns are depicted in the Shakespeare’s unsurpassed Macbeth. However, there is one pattern that marks the mind more than the others. Blood. A pattern seen in multiple instances in the play, but has a deep-seated meaning with Macbeth and his troubles. Shakespeare uses blood as the main image in Macbeth to reveal the forever impending and mucilaginous power of self torturing guilt. Blood takes a malevolentRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 Pagesevident as the bloody hands of Macbeth and his obsession with them. Macbeth has killed King Duncan and doesn’t stop there, he kills the guards making Duncan’s sons flee. This gives Macbeth the throne. However he becomes overwhelmed with the guilt. Shakespeare uses blood to show how it reminds Macbeth of the violent acts he has committed and how he has become obsessed with the blood on his hands. Initially the blood represents courage and bravery. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- â€Å"disdainingRead MoreMacbeth Imagery Blood1442 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Imagery in Macbeth Shakespeare’s plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. This is particularly true in Macbeth and the many allusions to blood. The use of blood imagery gives the reader some foresight into what is going on in the play and how the characters are thinking and feeling. Blood is used to represent heroics on the battlefield, evil and murderous inclinations, and ultimately guilt and shame. Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to give the readers insight intoRead MoreMeaning Of Blood In Macbeth1318 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares World-Renowned play, Macbeth. Macbeth contains a copious amount of blood imagery, but not all of the imagery has to mean anything, or have the same exact meaning. Blood is omnipresent literally and figuratively throughout the play. What does blood actually mean in Macbeth? Some say blood represents the Macbeths’ guilt, and some include greed. In Jesuss point of view, blood has a holy and sacred meaning of life, and further suppor t from Cliffnotes.com, â€Å"Blood itself — the color, the smellRead MoreSymbol of Blood in Macbeth828 Words   |  4 Pages† (I ii 7-10). When Macbeth says these words, it is when we begin to get the full picture of the play and how powerful the image of blood really is. Throughout the play the symbol of blood changes meaning. It starts with blood representing honour and pride for your country and develops into treason and treachery. At the end of the play we see it had blossomed into guilt. Blood is an essential part of life and the same is true in Macbeth. At the beginning of the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, thereRead MoreSymbolism Of Blood In Macbeth766 Words   |  4 PagesConsidered to be Shakespeare’s most bloody work, Macbeth portrays its plot perfectly: Macbeth’s bloody rise to power and his tragic downfall. Throughout the play, the symbolism of blood advances this plot. We are introduced to Macbeth as a brave soldier without flaw, but he soon becomes consumed with achieving his â€Å"fated† future. From the moment Macbeth murdered Duncan, the symbolism of blood represents throughout the play his conscience, his dynamic character change, and his and Lady Macbeth’s guiltRead MoreRole Of Blood In Macbeth1918 Words   |  8 Pages Blood in Macbeth Essay Blood was very evident throughout William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Violence caused blood to drip from the fingers of characters and stain them for the rest of their life. Blood meant various things in the play but it was certainly seen, literally and mentally. Hallucinations were commonly experienced in the play and added to things such as the plot and character development. Blood in Macbeth is more important when it is imagined by characters but is not actually there becauseRead MoreMacbeth Blood Essay2596 Words   |  11 Pagesitself heroic, because his loss of blood has made him weak. Thus his blood and his heroism seem to enhance the picture of Macbeth as a hero. As Lady Macbeth plans to kill King Duncan, she calls upon the spirits of murder to make thick my blood; stop up the access and passage to remorse. Thin blood was considered wholesome, and it was thought that poison made blood thick. Lady Macbeth wants to poison her own soul, so that she can kill without remorse. Macbeth says this is a sorry sight, looking

Qualitative Research in Multicultural Psychology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Research in Multicultural Psychology. Answer: Introduction: This report critically evaluates a research article from the Pain Management Nursing Journal. The article published in this journal is likely to be considered significant because it is a peer reviewed journal focusing mainly on pain management and its application in nursing practice. It is published in many developing countries and as this journal mainly provides professional support in pain management, it is likely to give useful insight to nurse about the evidence based practice needed to manage infant pain during venipuncture. The article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) is evaluated in this report and all the author are qualified in the field of nursing. Yuen-Man Chik has a RN, BSN in the field of pediatric and adolescent medicine, Wan-Yim Ip has work experience in the Faculty of Medicine in Nethersole School of Nursing and Kai-Chow Choi has BSC and PhD degree and work experience in Nethersole School of Nursing. All the author have work experience in Hongkong Nursing school and the rese arch has also been conducted in Hongkong (Chik, Ip Choi 2016). As all the author focus on improvement of nursing practice and Chik has experience in adolescent medicine, their research article is likely to support nurse in her decision regarding initiating massage as an intervention for pain management in neonatal care unit. The research by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) aimed to investigate about the effect of upper lumber message on relieving pain among infants undergoing venipuncture. The importance of the research on this topic is understood from the background of the research which explains that venipuncture is often done in infants to mitigate the negative effects of pain, however the author pointed out the limitation in infant pain manage due to little knowledge about infant pain reactivity. This research became important because although it is an effect nonpharmacological approach to pain management, however very few research has been done to evaluate the effect of massage on pain relief in infants. The author particularly focussed on massage as a solution to pain relief by reviewing its efficacy by conducting literature review. The article presented adequate evidence to prove the therapeutic effect of pain in infants undergoing venipuncture. All the articles reviewed mainly gave the common result that m assage was associated with lower pain score and heart level in intervention group compared to control group before going for heelstick. Despite the presence of evidence regarding therapeutic effect of massage, the significance of Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) work is that it aimed to evaluate the effect of massage on relieving pain during venipuncture. The research also had links to nursing practice because venipuncture is mostly performed by nurses and so it is critical that they possess knowledge to manage pain in infants during such procedures. The responsibility of nurse in managing pain is also important because of the magnitude of pain response in children during hospital stay. For instance, literature review section showed that many physiological changes occur in infants due to procedural pain. This is also consistent with the research by Czarnecki et al., (2011) which suggested that non-pharmacological measures should be adapted by nurse to provide optimal comfort to patient during procedural pain. Although such procedure cannot be completely eliminated due to health needs of children, however nurse can enhance their practice by using non-pharmacological measure to reduce pain. Hence, in relevance with the research problem, the objective of the study was to assess pain response in infants and find out the impact of lumbar m assage on reducing pain response in children undergoing venipuncture. Considering the aim of the research, Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) used the most appropriate research design of crossover double-blind, randomized controlled trial. As there was no evidence regarding the impact of massage on pain relief during venipuncture, hence this research focused mainly on evaluation a nursing intervention related to pain management. Hence, randomized controlled trial is the best study design for this purpose as it is specially designed to test a new treatment or intervention. In the research, Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) enhanced the interpretability of research findings by taking two groups. The first massage group received upper limb massage intervention on the first occasion and usual care on the second occasion and vice versa in the 2nd group. As each crossover patients act as their own control, they reduce the effect of confounding variables in the study (Hui, D., Zhukovsky, D. S., Bruera, E. (2015). Hence, the threats or biasness in internal construct is minimized by the use of cross over RCT design. In addition, the process of randomly assigning infants to two groups with the use of random numbers minimized the likelihood of differential treatment of outcomes in research study (Karanicolas, Farrokhyar, Bhandari, 2010). The strength of any research evidence is also determined by the selection of appropriate sample for the study and the use of effective sampling technique to ensure that the target population is represented in the study (Ritchie, Lewis Elam, 2013).. This consideration was met by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) as exclusion and inclusion criteria ensured that sample represented the target population. The research mainly aimed to manage pain in infants and the inclusion criteria defined the sample taken in detail. For example, the study included infants born at gestational age of 30 to 40 weeks, age within a week of birth and most importantly all must be requiring venipuncture for the detection of infection. To avoid getting anomalous results, children having central nervous system anomaly or those receiving intermuscular blocking agent before getting the intervention were excluded. This was important because due to the affect of intermuscular blocking agent, massage will not have an effect on infants. The crossover and randomized sampling design minimizes sample biases as the process of providing different treatment to each patients during different time intervals yields more efficient comparison of treatments than any other research design (Jones Kenward, 2014). Parents of 91 infants were assessed for eligibility and the final sample size was 80. Adequate follow up regarding participants discontinuing intervention in between was also kept, however no power analysis was done by the researcher which is a drawback of the study. The review of the data collection section of the article showed that Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) used video recording to observe the behavioural state of infant. Secondly, to define physiological state of children during pain, heart rate was recorded using electrocardiogram and oxygen saturation by using an infrared oximeter. The key strength of data collection process is that the researcher just not used these instruments to analyse pain response of infants but also considered way to enhance the data collection process. For example, electrocardiogram was connected with data acquisition system and all behavioural and physiological data were time synchronize to clear understand the impact both before and after the intervention. Secondly, the PIPP tool used for recording pain score was a good decision as research has proved it is the most reliable tool to assess acute pain both in pre term and term infants (Gibbins et al., 2014). This ensured that the procedure was high both on validity and reliability. The strength of the research is also understood from the way intervention was provided to both groups. The randomization process with the use of number table ensured intervenation was equally distributed in two groups. Efficient reporting was also seen in the article as intervention and its method of delivery was effectively described. The fidelity of the intervention was maintained by recruiting experienced NICU nurse for conducting the upper limb massage. During the delivery of the intervention, treatment group received massage involving the technique of stroking, milking, rolling and gentle squeezing and then a physician performed venipuncture on the infant. On the other hand, the control group received no massage, just usual care by holding hand to facilitate venipuncture. In addition, biasness was minimize by covering the upper limb of each infants with quilt irrespective of control and intervention group. On the whole, the validity of research procedure is confirmed by the proc ess of blinding, providing intervention and taking approval from local ethical committee. Adhering to ethical norms ensure that knowledge, truth and avoidance of error is promoted in research work and trust and fairness in maintained during research process (Ponterotto, 2013). The strength of the research study is that powerful analytic method was used to analysed research data. For instance, the statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 and the benefits of using this statistical tool was that the software had the capability to enhance decision making and improve productivity through simulation modelling and augmented integration with other tools (IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. (2017). The level of significance in the study was set at 0.5 which means there was an effort to minimise type 1 error. In addition, descriptive statistics was used to present the data by calculating standard deviation and frequency. The researcher also considered about evaluating difference in pain score by the use of generalized estimating equations (GEE models). This reflects the statistical quality in the work was maintained and numerical data for outcomes as well as different in research outcome was presented (Mertler Reinhart, 2016). Another strength of statistical analysis is that Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) considered the effect size by quantifying the difference in outcome in two groups on the basis of regression coefficient. The regression coefficient helped to estimate the size of the difference and the main implication of such statistical analysis is that it is useful for quantifying the effectiveness of a particular intervention (Polit, 2013).Furthermore, two tailed test was used which implies that researcher was of the opinion that extreme portions of distribution in outcome (pain relief) could be seen. The final results from the study was that improvement in pain scores were seen on the first occasion after giving massage compared to without massage. The GEE statistical model further proved the effectiveness of the massage intervention by showing that pain scores significantly decreased in patient who received massage compared to control group. Hence, the purpose of research has been achieved and it is also c onsistent with the research study by (Zargham-Boroujeni, Elsagh Mohammadizadeh, 2017) which suggested that massage and breastfeeding as a pain control measure for infant undergoing venipuncture due to its role in lowering pain in infants. Conclusion: The main conclusion from the critical appraisal of the article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016) is that the research is considered reliable in proving that upper limb massage reduces pan in infants due to venipuncture. The use of validated and reliable pain score tool PIPP enhanced the reliability of the results and the author concluded that massage as pain relieving measure during venipuncture should be considered in future. The only limitation is that type of massage was not standardized according to clinical practice and more research is needed in this area. Despite this limitation, the research article has useful implication for nursing practice because nurses often need to take blood samples of infants and avoiding venipuncture is not possible for them. Hence, nurse can use massage as a technique to provide comfort to infants during venipuncture Relevance to nursing practice and case study: The above research on impact of upper limb massage can inform nursing practice and enable the nurse in the case study to take appropriate decision. According to the case scenario, the nurse working in a neonatal intensive care unit at a large tertiary care hospital was asked by the CNC to commence massage for venipuncture pain in infants. Hence, the most important step needed by nurse in this situation was to review evidence based research article on the intervention and then take decision regarding applying the intervention in clinical setting. While evaluating the research article by Chik, Ip Choi, (2016), the first criteria for nurse would be to check whether patient value is preserved by the intervention or not. The research article gave the idea that massage can be easily used by nurse before venipuncture to minimize pain in infants. Another advantage of massage is that it is an easy to use technique requiring no extra cost or equipments. Secondly, the patient value is also protected as it is not an invasive procedure and would cause no harm to patient (Field, 2014). However, the only consideration that a nurse requires before implementing it in clinical practice is that they need to develop the clinical expertise regarding the technique of massage by complete massage education. The nurse can also be sure to use this in neonatal care by comparing the findings with other available evidence. The articles used in the literature review section of the article as well as the (Zargham-Boroujeni, Elsagh, Mohammadizadeh, (2017) also proved that massage is a natural, useful and free intervention that can be easily used by the nurse. No expense regarding special facility or equipment is also required Hence, in the context of the case study, the nurse can commence this intervention after getting proper massage education from experienced nurses. Reference Chik, Y., Ip, W., Choi, K. (2016). The effect of upper limb massage on infants venipuncture pain. Pain Management Nursing, 18(1), 50-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2016.10.001 Czarnecki, M. L., Turner, H. N., Collins, P. M., Doellman, D., Wrona, S., Reynolds, J. (2011). Procedural pain management: A position statement with clinical practice recommendations.Pain Management Nursing,12(2), 95-111. Field, T. (2014). Massage therapy research review.Complementary therapies in clinical practice,20(4), 224-229. Gibbins, S., Stevens, B. J., Yamada, J., Dionne, K., Campbell-Yeo, M., Lee, G., ... Taddio, A. (2014). Validation of the premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R).Early human development,90(4), 189-193. Hui, D., Zhukovsky, D. S., Bruera, E. (2015). Which treatment is better? Ascertaining patient preferences with crossover randomized controlled trials.Journal of pain and symptom management,49(3), 625-631. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. (2017).IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 Available for Download - United States. Www-01.ibm.com [online] Available at: https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21646821 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Jones, B., Kenward, M. G. (2014).Design and analysis of cross-over trials. CRC Press. Karanicolas, P. J., Farrokhyar, F., Bhandari, M. (2010). Blinding: Who, what, when, why, how?.Canadian journal of surgery,53(5), 345. Mertler, C. A., Reinhart, R. V. (2016).Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. Routledge. Pain Management Nursing. (2017). Painmanagementnursing.org. [online] Available at: https://www.painmanagementnursing.org/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Polit, D. F. (2013).Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research: Pearson New International Edition: Do I Really Need This Stuff?. Pearson Higher Ed. Ponterotto, J. G. (2013). Qualitative research in multicultural psychology: Philosophical underpinnings, popular approaches, and ethical considerations.Qualitative Psychology,1, 19. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Elam, R. G. (2013). Selecting samples.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers, 111. Zargham-Boroujeni, A., Elsagh, A., Mohammadizadeh, M. (2017). The effects of massage and breastfeeding on response to venipuncture pain among hospitalized neonates.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research,22(4), 308.

System Science And Light Rail Network †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the System Science And Light Rail Network. Answer: Introduction The light rail network is one of the most innovative techniques that have been developed in the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales. The network is highly advanced and connected through the power lines which are meant for providing the best services to the customers by avoiding much chaos and traffic. The project is extending more and till date, it has covered more than a 12km route with 19 stops. The 12km route connects several parts of the country, even the hilly areas, and high street. The combined structure of the light rail network significantly provides the best transport access to the majority of the public along with the major sporting and entertainment (Zamani, et al., 2017). As per Addison, the health services are also facilitated along with the additional rail services which provide the extra capacity for the majority of the events. The high-frequency services of the light rail structure "turn up and go" operates in every four minutes in the peak. The customers are highly satisfied with the services as they are very much reliable and considered as high-capacity services. Some additional special events in between the stops are also arranged in the road stops (Addison, 2017). The process of constructing the light rail network in the city was quite challenging when compared with the old street of the Australia. The requirement to build the network was high and meets all the safety standards. The light rail network in the Australia will be the speedy transport system which will be running with the help of the electrical power along with the drivers who will be operating it properly. It aims to reduce the more congestion and will evaluate more public capacity transport solution in the city. This particular design discusses the detailed features of the light rail networks that have been in the Australia city. The report also discusses the rail networks facilities in the city that aims to make the transport more easy and smooth (Ahlberg, Nilson Walsh, 2016). Some recommendations are also mentioned in order to reduce the traffic-related problem of the city. Preliminary design The light rail network is one of the transportation design developed in the Australian city, New South Whales. The entire system is mainly controlled by the New South Whales government. The extended versions of the network are faster in movements rather than the weight. The Sydney has developed the extensive network in order to combine a wide range of public for the service by reducing the issues of the traffic congestions (BRINSON Brinson, 2016). The facility is one of the most vital transports for the passengers and provides the sustainable system. The traffic problems have probably increased the stress and tensions of the passengers to travel from place to the other. Various analyses were done regarding the network development to check the feasibility which is mainly attached with the pollution and safety of the citizens. The improvised lines are used to reduce the congestion in CBD. The lines are connected to several routes with the bus facility and the LNR construction has been started from the year 2015. The LNR has been developed in the underground which again provides the best services for reducing the traffic. All these operations are done with the help of the single class of light rail vehicle. The primary design of the system was mainly used with the help of the gauge tracks by using the 750 volts of electric current. According to Chaichan, et al, the design was incorporated with the Inner West Light which mainly operates in the L1 Dulwich Hill Line. The recent network is connected up to 12.8km and connects 23 lines (Chaichan, et al., 2016). The second line is under the construction and the further lines are under progression which will be serving the Western Sydney. According to the reports, more than 9.1 million passengers can be accommodated on the network. The network is also compared with the automobile industry and the increase in the network is considered as the most cost-effective approach to the government. The effective lines, as well as the growth in it, are providing the relevant services to the Australian citizens. The increase in the speed of designing of the network is making the people more curious. According to the discussed light rail design, the speeds of the system will be 20-15km/hr which will be depending on different movements of the abatements (Hybertson, 2016). Detailed design and development of the network In general most of the rail infrastructure are poorly planned by the organization and the people those who are associated with the project design and implementation. But the light rail structure of the Sydney is one of the extraordinary approaches to transform the public domain of the city. The design covers the 12 kilometers from the Randwick and Kingsford towards the central station and the Circular Quay, the Sydney CBD as well as the South East Light rail project is designed to reduce the congestion issues of eth cities and improves the reliability of the transportation (Madland Nix, 2017). The network from the George Street into the world-class shared pedestrian boulevard is the Australia's first wire-free network. Hassell is in the partnership with the transportation of the NSW that delivers the reference design to guide the sensitive integration of the light rail project and also to distinguish the urban-environment diversification. It creates the high-quality and friendly domain and the system has been befitting with the global status of the city. The urban design is quite critical that ensures the simply infrastructure of the projects that are more focused on how the people work and use the resources, puts efforts on the context and unlocks the potential for the urban transportation. For the light rail network, the HASSELL have designed the stops and interchanges, access the public and environment domain opportunities and impacts; develop the landscape for the public according to the strategy keeping the fundamental and economic conditions as the first priority (Mallick Patro, 2016). The reference design provides the detailed framework for the rail's infrastructure that is more focused on the making the stops which are legible and visible on the street, improve the connectivity, creates a beautiful public domain that is characterized by the Sydney. These designs are provided by the Park, civic and boulevard each of which is responsible for the existing built design form and the character of the landscape. It creates the ordered and unified thread for the light rail network. The reference design provides the range of opportunities in order to introduce the sustainable initiatives, the benefits and the outlines of the networks that are implemented through the strategic urban planning and permeable surfaces. The strategic planning supports the process of water treatment and mitigating the heat island, reuse, and the collection (Pulkkinen, et al., 2017). The design is now focused on the "leading rating" as well as on the sustainable rating scheme for designing the light rail network. The Sydney light rail network reference design aims to create the exceptional framework that for the public that will provide the vision to a greener will connect a number of people and sustainable in nature. System test, evaluation, validation and optimization The Sydney's light rail network was put its paces in the last week for the testing purpose in the France, where it has proved to be a resounding success. The first test took place at the Alstom, which saw a test drive for 750-meter test track and they reached the speed of 70km/hr. the vehicle has gone through several testing with the first 30 vehicles for the South East light rail and CBD. It was done a few months ago in the Australia. The early light rail network system was able to carry only 450 people at a time, but advancement in the new design is capable of carrying more than 13,500 passengers per hour (Ranjhitha Rajkumar, 2016). This leads to the reduction in the congestion of the traffic of the city. The vehicle will further decrease loads of the passengers with the efficient energy magnet tools, the improvised LED lights, sensor-based air-conditioners as well as the capturing activities of the parts used in the system. As per Regalbuto, the vehicles are able to recover and capture the 99 percent of the energy from banking and are recycling in nature (Regalbuto, 2016). After the proper evaluation, the light rail system of the Sydney is considered as the best across eth world. The cities are increasing and turning to the buses which are relatively less flexible and efficient. They are coming in small scope and provides fewer chances in maintain the road networks in the city. The dense location in the Sydney has more than 6,000 buses which makes the roads more busy and fussy. So, the government has planned best network with the advancement in the technology that will reduce the pollution, noise and lumbering vehicles in the city (Shackelford, et al., 2016). After appropriate testing and evaluation of the networks and street levels, the idea was suggested in the center where the walking is the primary mode. The light rail network is capable of taking the load and operates in minutes with high frequency and efficiency. The South East light rail and the CBD are expected to be completed in the year 2019. The validation of the network will run until the end of 2034 that will operate and maintain the entire network system of the city (Wang, 2016). The process is highly efficient and optimized in nature which is capable of adopting any changes made during the designing phase. Basically, the optimization of any device is according to the implementation of the various parts used in it. In the same manner, the advanced technologies that are used in the network make the light rail system highly optimized across the country (Zaidi, et al., 2016). Conclusion The entire report gives the detail information about the light rail network of the Sydney which is capable of reducing the traffic congestion of the city. The infrastructure is designed by the HASELL and NSW that covers the wide area of the city along with several stops. It helps to minimize the issues that were rising between the residents and pedestrians on one hand and provides the best services of rail to the citizens which can accommodate more than thousands of people at a time. It also avoids the excessive dependence on the single on the CBD and convinced the travelers with the best entertainment programs. The best part of the project is, it contributes and operates on very less amount as compared to the buses in the city. References Addison, P.S., 2017.The illustrated wavelet transform handbook: introductory theory and applications in science, engineering, medicine and finance. CRC press. Ahlberg, J.H., Nilson, E.N. and Walsh, J.L., 2016.The Theory of Splines and Their Applications: Mathematics in Science and Engineering: A Series of Monographs and Textbooks(Vol. 38). Elsevier. BRINSON, H. and Brinson, L.C., 2016.Polymer engineering science and viscoelasticity. SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK. Chaichan, M.T., Kazem, H.A., Mahdy, A.M. and Al-Waeely, A.A., 2016. Optimal sizing of a hybrid system of renewable energy for lighting street in Salalah-Oman using Homer software.International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS),2(5), pp.157-164. Hybertson, D.W., 2016.Model-oriented systems engineering science: a unifying framework for traditional and complex systems. CRC Press. Madland, D.G. and Nix, J.R., 2017. New calculation of prompt fission neutron spectra and average prompt neutron multiplicities.Nuclear Science and Engineering. Mallick, B. and Patro, A.K., 2016. Heart Rate Monitoring System Using Finger Tip Through Arduino And Processing Software.International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR),5(1). Pulkkinen, A., Bernabeu, E., Thomson, A., Viljanen, A., Pirjola, R., Boteler, D., Eichner, J., Cilliers, P.J., Welling, D., Savani, N.P. and Weigel, R.S., 2017. Geomagnetically induced currents: Science, engineering, and applications readiness.Space Weather,15(7), pp.828-856. Ranjhitha, G. and Rajkumar, M.V., 2016. Implementation of Genetic Algorithm based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic System.International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET),5(11), pp.18860-18868. Regalbuto, J. ed., 2016.Catalyst preparation: science and engineering. CRC Press. Shackelford, J.F., Han, Y.H., Kim, S. and Kwon, S.H., 2016.CRC materials science and engineering handbook. CRC press. Wang, Y., 2016. Big Data Algebra (BDA): A Denotational Mathematical Structure for Big Data Science and Engineering.Journal of Advanced Mathematics and Applications,5(1), pp.3-25. Zaidi, S.S.E.A., Mansoor, S., Ali, Z., Tashkandi, M. and Mahfouz, M.M., 2016. Engineering plants for geminivirus resistance with CRISPR/Cas9 system.Trends in plant science,21(4), pp.279-281. Zamani, M.K.M., Musirin, I., Suliman, S.I., Othman, M.M. and Kamal, M.F.M., 2017. Multi-area economic dispatch performance using swarm intelligence technique considering voltage stability.International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology,7(1), pp.1-7.

Breastfeeding vs. Formula Research Paper free essay sample

Choosing whether to breastfeed or bottle feed is one of the first choices mothers have to make. The decision to breastfeed or formula feed a baby is a personal decision each and every family will have to make together. Many expecting mothers have to analyze the benefits of both before making a decision that will shape their lives as the baby grows and develops. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to either decision such as the ingredients, health benefits, convenience, and the cost. Breast milk is the milk produced by a female for her infant offspring. The baby nursing from its mother is the most common form of obtaining milk after the first few days, weeks and months after the baby is born. Breast milk can be supplied by a woman other than the babys mother (donor milk). Bottle feeding is another method of milk for the baby. It is used in replacement or addition to breast milk. We will write a custom essay sample on Breastfeeding vs. Formula Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bottle feeding is done through formula, which is manufactured food designed for feeding infants under 12 months of age. There are many different brands and types of formula to choose from as your baby grows older. Milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other foods, so breastfeeding or bottle feeding are both essential. Breast milk has a list of ingredients that goes on and on. Broken down, breast milk is made up of proteins, fats, vitamins, and carbohydrates. The milk contains two types of proteins, whey and casein. Approximately 60% of the milk is whey and 40% is casein, making this a perfect balance of proteins for the baby, making it a quick and easy digestion. The fats in breast milk are a primary calorie source that is needed for the babies’ brain, retina, and nervous system development. The vitamins in breast milk are based off of the mother’s vitamin intake. The vitamins A, D, E, and K are all significant to the infant’s health, which is why many doctors suggest nursing mothers to continue on prenatal vitamins for the sake of the baby. The primary carbohydrate in breast milk is lactose, it accounts for approximately 40% of the total calories provided to the infant through the milk. Lactose helps decrease the amount of bacteria in the stomach, which improves the intake of calcium and other vitamins, which helps fight disease. To put breast milk ingredients into words it contains a little more than 100 ingredients that the formula industry cannot make themselves. The health benefits coming from breast milk are never ending. Breast milk has the perfect combination of proteins, fats, vitamins, and carbohydrates. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients a baby needs in the first six months, breast milk is full with disease-fighting substances that protect the baby from illness. Breast feeding can also protect a baby from developing allergies through secretory IgA (which is only found in breast milk). This immune factor helps prevent allergic reactions to food by providing a layer of protection to a babys intestinal tract. Without this protection, this can cause allergic reactions and health problems in the future. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, breastfeeding is a way to help reduce a childs risk of becoming overweight or obese as a teen or adult. Studies show that breastfeed babies have a regular eating schedule and it leads to healthier eating as an adult. Breast feeding has an amount of health benefits for the mothers as well. Mothers who breastfeed have lower stress levels and it can prevent certain types of cancer. The cost of breast feeding is little to none compared to other forms of milk. Breast feeding is free but that doesn’t mean there is no cost at all. Many mothers have to get nursing pads and bras and some even decide on a pump, which is optional but a very popular necessity to many breast feeding mothers. Breast pumps range from $20 to $200 dollars, depending on the brand and quality of the pump. The only other thing that breast feeding costs for a family with a newborn is time. Some mothers aren’t as fortunate as others and cannot breastfeed their baby due to health issues so formula is a manufactured ‘duplicate’ of a mother’s breast milk that can help these families out. Formula is made up of complex combination of proteins, sugars, fats, and vitamins just like the mother’s breast milk. Although companies try to compare it to breast milk, it is lacking a few things such as antibodies, which doesn’t provide the infant with protection against infections and illnesses. Even though many people would argue that the milk doesn’t match the complexity of a mother’s, some formula brands do a good job making it a replacement for infants that cannot be breast feed. Bottle feeding a baby offers a list of health benefits as well as breastfeeding. Unlike breast milk, formula contains vitamin D and vitamin B12, giving the baby an extra source of vitamins. In addition to the extra vitamins, bottle fed babies have unlimited amount of choices when it comes to their formula. So many different brands and a complex variety of ingredients are other advantages to the baby as well. If the baby is allergic to milk or soybeans, or maybe the baby is extremely sensitive, you can specialize the formula buy, satisfying the baby and the parents. The cost of formula and all of the supplies needed is pretty high when you break it down monthly. Depending on what type, what brand of formula is being bought, and the baby’s eating schedule, it can cost anywhere from $50 to $200 dollars a month to bottle feed a baby. Don’t forget that the bottles can cost anywhere from ten to twenty dollars. During the first year of life, the cost of basic formula can run about $1,500. All families choose different routes due to the ingredients, health benefits, and costs. Maybe there might be added factors as well, but it all depends on the families’ expectations and of course, the baby. Some mothers choose to breast milk for personal reasons and some mothers simply just decide to stick with formula, whichever choice they make as a parent is exclusively up to them. \

College Admission Essay Sample

College Admission Essay Sample College Admission Essay Example: Various aspects are tasked with motivating an individual in the process of attaining the most important goals in life. A simple shift in perception is likely to complicate or simplify the journey and thus individuals must reconsider their decisions. My life probably follows the same direction given certain circumstances that characterize my life in the past, present, and the probable future. Apart from values like determination, resilience, and focus, my life is entirely centered on the end product that is usually manifested in terms of success. It comes from a great deal of survival tactics that eventually serve to satisfy an appetite. Operating within such precincts is therefore an issue of significant importance in my life and acts as the basis of judgment and expectation. In other words, everything I have ever achieved is generally embodied in procedural attributes that habitually conjured up some form of experience. Previous encounters in my life probably place my merit in certain sections of the society depending on the authenticity and evident quality. Throughout my life I have always received considerable favor and acknowledgment from friends, teachers, parents, and other members of the society. It included leadership positions and being trusted with accountability in any given setting that I did feature. The aspect of favor, or generally featuring as the chosen one, has mostly been enhanced by the fact that I have intermingled with people from various societal, cultural, and racial backgrounds. However, that is not enough in building a character that is compatible with any atmosphere, since education plays a major role altogether. I give credit to education for shaping the route towards most of my achievements due to factors that are definitely evident. At this point, I certainly realize that in order to gain experience in whatever field one desires, the learning process must be taken into a ccount. Basically every activity that is met with the eye and subsequently habituated by the mind can be referred to as a learning process. In the process of exhibiting my inner abilities and passion, I managed to gain favor from my father when he entrusted me with taking care of his business. I have worked in my father’s store for as long as I can remember, and this certainly serves as the best indicator of the kind of person I am going to be in the future. I believe that all I need is additional education that will further improve on my abilities. Over the years I have realized that nothing works better than a learning process that is enhanced by practicality in any given field. Being able to manage my father’s store amidst considerable applause probably puts me in the best position to anticipate for any crucial goal I intend to achieve. Working at my father’s store therefore represents the best thing that ever happened to my personality in terms of creating essential habits that would easily put me in the desired position. Education and experience therefore serve as my partners in this journey and should not be disregarded whatsoever. Having originated from Asia, I believe that my prior encounters and experiences would definitely strengthen my struggle. Additionally, I would also be placed in the best position to help the institution, the immediate community and probably the two countries involved in my upkeep. The possibility of interacting with students from all walks of life will also be instrumental in sharpening my abilities as a result of what I would learn from them. Due to all the above named aspects, qualities, and values, I can easily visualize a destiny that is full of satisfaction and success. A chance to study at your institution will definitely boost my chances of succeeding in my future endeavors. This is due to the diversity that is evident at your institution and the experience that I carry with myself. I would be pleased to materialize my dreams at your institution.

Movie Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie Assignment - Essay Example This paper shall candidly and comprehensively elucidate on virtue ethics and the issues that surround it by considering its application and/or violation in the movie â€Å"Iron Man 2." One of the scenes that can adequately be used to describe virtue ethics in the movie â€Å"Iron Man 2† is Iron Man (Tony) and his Stark industries. As an industry that engages in the production of weapons for the American military, Business in this sector can be a persistent quandary for those involved. As the movie begins, Tony Mark has no doubts and strongly believes that the missiles that he creates protect and support American paramilitaries (Casey et al., 12). When Tony goes to Afghanistan to exhibit a newly created missile, a terrorist cell bombs his caravan. Tony looks at the grenade and sees the label â€Å"Stark Industries† before it explodes. After its explosion, Tony ends up interspersed with shrapnel and the terrorists easily apprehend him. Even after arrest, Tony does not face the anticipated sufferings. He is saved because the terrorist wanted Tony to create a similar missile for them. Eventually, Tony seepages and returns to his home country where he takes time to essentially reason about what his business does. Through his statements, Tony expresses embarrassment. â€Å"I never got to say good-bye to my father†¦.I would have asked him how he felt about what this company did if he was conflicted, if he ever had doubts† (Casey et al., 24). It had dawned on Tony that the terrorists acquired his weapons and were fully using them against the Americans; whom the weapons were meant to defend and safeguard. After this recognition, tony wonders what to do with the company; ethical dilemma skulks in. Despite the sheer fact that his company engages in other activities, weapon production was the main income generating activities. Tony attributes most of his

Samedaymay30 Part 2, DQ1AB and DQ2 KD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Samedaymay30 Part 2, DQ1AB and DQ2 KD - Essay Example In 2008 the U.S derivative market was estimated to be worth over $600 trillion (Sheridan, 2008). Information asymmetry is imperative for the derivative market to function properly. I have a friend that invested $5000 in the derivative market last year. He lost the majority of his money because he did not perform good research and because he took big chances that did not pay off. An option is a privilege sold by one party to another which offers the buyer the right to buy (call) or sell (put) a security at an agreed-upon price during the specified period or on a specified date (Teweles & Bradley & Teweles, 1992). I did not realize prior to doing research on this subject that the U.S derivative market is worth over $600 trillion. To become an investor in the derivative market with instruments such as options one must be an advance or institutionalized investor. I would not recommend a novice investor to invest money in options. People entering the stock market are better suited to invest in financial instruments such as mutual funds. I agree with you that volatile markets lead to volatile pricing. A real life example of that effect is what occurs with food prices when scarcity influences the market. â€Å"Volatility in and of itself is a measure of price movement over a given period of time† (Learn-stock-options-trading, 2009). Risk must be considered when investing in options. â€Å"The vast majority of works on option pricing operate on the assumption of risk neutral valuation† (Ben-Meir, Schiff,

Manifest Destiny and the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manifest Destiny and the Civil War - Essay Example By 1787, slavery was recognized in the Constitution (General History of the United Sates Supreme Court, accessed 2011). Slavery was not regulated within States through Congress. Until 1808, only the movement of slaves into States, or between States up to that date, was taxed and hence regulated (US Constitution: Art. I Sec. 9 Para.1). Slavery was, then, accepted as a fact which existed within States, and the federal Government restricted its involvement in the affairs of individual States. States made their own decisions about whether they were â€Å"Free States†, or whether they would allow slavery, and Congress respected those decisions. This meant that as the United States expanded, new States were declared, and in fact could make their own decisions about whether slavery was to be allowed or not. In 1819, Missouri appealed to be included in the Confederation as a slave-owning State. This appeal was met by much resistance from the Northern States – in which Abolition ism was dominant – and the Midwestern States – where economies without slave labor would struggle against the slave-owning State economies. But Missouri entered the Confederation as a slave-owning State in 1819.

The impact of culture on economic behaviour

The impact of culture on economic behaviour Most modern neoclassical economists have ignored the important role played by culture in explaining fluctuations in economic behaviour, hence, they were more concerned about economic variable such prices, output, interest rate etc. However, culture (values, norms, believes and religions) have a profound influence on economic behaviour (Hogeland 2003:2). In contrast those interested in the matter, consider that culture explain differences in economic outcomes however, they face challenges of finding a credible technique to show that the influence of culture can be separated from institutions and economic variables (Tabellini 2007). In the recent two decades economists became seriously concerned about the effects of culture on economic behaviour and found that culture (religious beliefs, values and preferences) has a significant positive relationship to economic growth. However, the economists find it difficult to explain because they are mainly concerned about economic measurements and because of the broad complexity of culture that makes it difficult to measure and test. Therefore, to overcome the situation variables that include normative values (beliefs, religious, ethnicity, etc) were included in the model as proxy variables. The results suggest that causality between culture and economics is likely to go two way directions, that is, culture may influence economic behaviour and economic behaviour may also affect the culture (Qin, Shuhao, Heerink, Futian 2008). In common sense or stylized facts also suggest that culture indeed influence economics behaviour. Thus, government policy toward economic growth may be successful or a failure in different geographical areas dues due individual behaviours influenced by cultural backgrounds. Therefore, if we can not test the role of culture in economics we cannot assure its implications on economic behaviour (Greif 1994). However, in recent years better techniques have been put in place to identify systematic differences in individual values, beliefs and preferences. These new techniques are now able to measure and test the influence of culture on economics behaviour. This paper examines the effects of culture on economic behaviour by using proxy variables of culture such as trust, respect, self determination and religious beliefs. The paper will try to answer the question does culture influence economic behaviour? To answering this question the paper will provide some theoretical back ground including: definitions of terms in section two, section three discuss empirical evidence, relationship between culture and institutions etc. Definition of terms The definition of culture is very broad and complex. However, according to Tabellini (2007) culture is defined as individual values and convictions about the scope of application of norms of good conduct, is an important channel through which distant political history influences the functioning of current institutions. Similarly, Qin, Shuhao, Heerink, and Futian (2008) define culture as customary beliefs and values that ethnic, religious, and social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to generation. In other words, culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviour, and artefacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. However, culture that is inherited by an individual from previous generations rather than voluntarily accumulated, such as religion and ethnic background, can largely be treated as exogenous for that individuals life. A Religion is defined by Nath (2007) as a set of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified as prayer, ritual, and religious law. Religion also encompasses ancestral worshiping or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic experience. However in this paper culture will be referred as the customary beliefs and values that ethnic, religious, and social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to generation. Historical Perspectives on Economics and Culture The debate on culture as influencing economic behaviour started with the classical economist such as Adam Smith and John Mill who used culture to explaining economic phenomena. The former in the Theory of Moral Sentiment advocated that culture is an important factor in explaining the Wealth of Nations and the later regarded cultural behaviour as more important than the pursuit of personal interest. In contrast Karl Marx advocated that the technology changes determine the kind of structure dominant in the culture. That is the hand mill produces feudal society and steam mill produces capitalism (Marx 1859). Moreover, Weber (1905) regarded religions as a key factor for economic development. He defended that protestant religious taught that the creation of wealth should be regarded as a duty. Weber also recognized that culture plays an important role in influencing in pursuing wealth through production and establishment of markets. Other researchers non economists such as Hirschman (1967) also found a link between culture and economics, and culture causes differences in economic output within and across countries. Banfield (1958) suggests that culture is reason for underdevelopment in Southern Italy, that is, the pursuit of narrow self interest by the population contributes to underdevelopment of the region. Consequently the Italian government imposed identical forms of governance within the country, however, the areas with poor government intervention continued to perform poorly. In the late 1990s and early 2000s neoclassical economist went beyond the formal institutions into informal ones and started considering explicitly culture as a key factor to explaining economic phenomena. Therefore, Fukuyama (1996), Landes (1998) and Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2006) emphasized the link between culture and economic outcomes. In their studied they found that cultural factors such as honesty, trust, tenacity and tolerance drive to success of countries economies. Empirical evidence Studies conducted by Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2005) found that beliefs and religious are highly correlated to trust, thus, when it is associated with savings, taxation or trade it turnout to impact positively the economic outputs. Similarly, Tabellini (2007) studied the effects of culture on economic development in Europe and found that religious values and beliefs have a significant impact on economic success. Weber advocated that culture have a significant influence on economic performance. He further argued that protestant religious contributes greatly to the capitalist accumulation. Likewise, Landes (1998) and Putnam (2000) found that culture (beliefs and values) explain the differences in economic performance across countries. However the later put more emphases in the role played by social capital (trust) in stimulating trade and government efficiency. Carroll, Rhee, and Rhee (1994), studied the effects of emigrant culture on savings in Canada and fund that culture affects savings behaviour. Barro Mc Cleary (2003), Tabelline (2009) studied the effects of culture on economic growth. The former stressed more on the degree of religiosity by capturing the church attendance and religious beliefs in hell and heaven, they found that the magnitude of church attendance and the degree of religious beliefs explain significantly the differences in growth performance across countries. Thus, the religious belief matter to explaining growth. The later, emphasised on the degree of trust across European countries and found that regional variation on trust explain differences in growth rate. Algan Cahuc (2007) demonstrated that cultural behaviour toward families has an impact on employment patterns of different regions in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. They also show that civic culture and ethnicity has an influence on the structure of the labour market institutions including employment benefits and protection. Relationship between culture and economics behaviour In general most of the studies done on culture and economics found a relationship between culture and economics, however, they confronts with the problem of causality since it is likely to go in both directions. According to Becker (1996:16) Individuals have less control over their culture than over other social capital. They cannot alter their ethnicity, race or family history, and only with difficulty can they change their country or religion. Because of the difficulty of changing culture and its low depreciation rate, culture is largely a given to individuals throughout their lifetimes. likewise, religious practices respond slowly to economic conditions (Botticini Eckstein 2005). Culture affects economic behaviour in different ways, however, this paper will focus on production, institutions. Culture and Production Norms and values of groups or individuals varies significantly not only within or across cultures but also within regions, industries or sectors, that is, countries can be more open to trade or be more flexible in decision making than others, and can also allow external influence. Firms may have more or less hierarchical structure than others, for example the British economy had a decline in the growth rate in 20th century due to the fact that the middle an upper class values did not consider practical education and technological innovation (Fernà ¡ndez 2006). In Latin America, the population was characterised as having the culture of poverty, thus, the poverty was not a result of structural economic problems but caused by social beliefs that dominated the groups, they would prefer not to engage into economic activities (Barro Mc Cleary (2003). Similar cases occur in some areas Mozambique where although the population grow and hundreds of cows and goats they would prefer not to eat or even sell due to cultural beliefs. Other studies focussed on studying how culture of elite are as compared to poor and found that some elites would prefer leisure to investment thus, impacting economic outcomes. Culture and Institutions Studied found that social capital or culture affect the way institutions in different countries are set and managed that is institutions are dependent on the problem faced by each societal groups including cultural beliefs and preferences, individualists or collectivists (Greif 1994) . For example in post war Japan and Korea engaged into industrial policy to encourage economic growth whereas adopted economic planning bureaucracy, however this kind of institutions are not inclusive to the entire populations and is vulnerable to promote rent seeking. Similarly, institutions set in Latin America and Africa were also not effective compared to the North America counterparts. However, empirical results suggest that causality effect is likely to go in both directions. That is culture affects institutions and institutions also affects the evolution of the culture (Fernà ¡ndez, 2006). Conceptual Link of Culture to Growth Performance Hypothesis 0: Culture impacts on economic behaviour of societies with high degrees of trust, respect, and self-determination. Hypothesis 1: Culture has no impact on economic behaviour of societies with low degrees of trust, respect, and self-determination. The above definite of culture (section 3) helps in understanding how would culture affect economic outcomes. According to Porter (2000:14) economic culture are the beliefs, attitudes, and values that bear on economic activities of individuals, organizations, and other institutions. Therefore, the variables that compose the culture (trust, respect, self determination and religion) can constrain the economic behaviour and function as rules governing the interaction between individuals, employment, market operations. Trust Trust influences economic performance in different ways. According to Boettke (2009: 437), Knack Zak, (2001), trust affects economic outcomes through decrease in transaction cost, thus when an individual is trustworthy he reduces the monitoring cost and secures property rights. Moreover, high degrees of trust are consistent with high economic performance and development. In contrast lower degrees of trust would result in lesser trading networks and small market operations caused by the increased monitoring and transaction costs. For example trust is mostly relevant when the transaction involves unknown counterparts (Fukuyama 1996, Francois Zabojnik 2005). Using data on relative trust within the European countries Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2006) studied the effects of trust for bilateral trust among the European counties and found that, countries that trust each other tend to trade more goods and financial assets as well as engage more in direct investment compared to other countries, thus, impacting in the economic performance of the countries. In summary, under circumstances of good environment (trustworthiness) individual would dedicate their time in economic activities whereas under poor environment (untrustworthiness) individual engage into unproductive activities due to lack of incentives. Self determination and Respect Self determination is a measure of control over individual determination of their actions. If individual can control their choices, that is, predict success or failure as a result of own actions, then, they will be more innovative, and would invest and work more hard and carefully for greater returns. Therefore, high degrees of innovation combined with high levels of productivity would lead to high growth performance as well as economic growth (Tabellini 2009, Coyne Williamson 2009) Respect, is also an important factor since it measures the morality within individuals and societies. High degrees of respects imply high levels of tolerance and lower level of respect would result in poor interaction within individuals and societies. Therefore, high degrees of tolerances connote acceptable attitudes towards trade partners, thus, boosting and increasing the market and increasing economic performance. In contrast lower tolerance would reduce economic interactions and trade can be hindered (Platteau 2000). Moreover, Coyne Williamson (2009:13) state that in societies with lower levels of social capital, and hence lower levels of respect, the extent of the market will be limited to close kin and friendship networks. Clearly, higher degrees of respect should increases economic outcomes. Religion The impact of religious on economic can me measured by the rate of church attendance and the religious belief about afterlife in hell or heaven. Individual who attend churches at regular bases tend to build better economic attitudes (respect and self determination and trustworthiness), thus impacting positively on economic outcomes. Similarly, those groups who believe in heaven and hell also tend to participate effectively in church services so as to build confidence on heaven, thus influencing positively economics outcomes through trust, respect and self determination (Barro and Mitchell 2004). Weber in his study on the rise of the capitalism found that the industrial capitalism developed rapidly in the protestant Europe and North America. He also fund that Hinduism and Buddhism were promoting asceticism, thus, hindering technical innovation and impeding adaptation of foreign innovation, therefore not promoting economic growth and development of these groups. Similarly, Williamson (2009) asserts, that the failure of India to achieve a successful development rate was due to laws of Hinduism that do not allow individual motivation and commitment to perform secular roles. However, there were some Hindu who did not abide with the rules of the Hinduism and show an inclination to economic activities. These minorities are the ones who boosted the modern Muslim in Indonesia. Moreover, religion also affects economic behaviour through, honest, work ethics and openness to people. For most religious hard work is a norm and should be done diligently. Additionally, work helps people to stay away from immorality, unproductive activities so that they maximize their time in economic activities. Being unproductive is connoted to evils. That is religion increases economic growth through promotion of positive attitudes towards, trust honest and self determination, and reduction of corruption and criminality (Guiso et al. 2003). Religions may also impact negatively on economic behaviour through restriction on credit markets, profit, resources accumulation, as well as interest. Some religious may allocated massive time and resources on church activities including the construction of cathedrals, thus, deviating resources from economic activities (McCleary 2008). Similarly Beed and Beed (1999) argue that some fundamental Christian and Islamic terrorists promote violent and intolerant behaviour and civil unrest among Christians and non Christians, which impact negatively on the values and norms of secular economics. Conclusion This paper attempts to answer the question does culture influence economic behaviour? The paper found that yes Culture affects significantly the economic behaviour. Cultural behaviour also shapes the structure of institutions in a country. Culture affects positively economic performance through trust, respect, self determination religious and institutions. However, it faces problems of causality, thus it is likely to go in both directions from culture to economics and from economics to culture. Trust affects economic behaviour through decrease in transaction cost, thus when an individual is trustworthy he reduces the monitoring cost and secures property rights. Moreover, high degrees of trust are consistent with high economic performance and development. In contrast lower degrees of trust would result in lesser trading networks and small market operations caused by the increased monitoring and transaction costs. Self determination promotes innovation, investment and hard work and diligence for greater returns. Therefore, high degrees of innovation combined with high levels of productivity would lead to high growth performance as well as economic growth. Moreover, high degrees of respects imply high levels of tolerance and lower level of respect would result in poor interaction within individuals and societies. Therefore, high degrees of tolerances connote acceptable attitudes towards trade partners, thus, boosting and increasing the market and economic performance. Religious beliefs also have a causal relationship with economic behaviour. It promotes economic growth through teaching of positive attitudes towards productive activities including hard work, trust, respect and self determination and absenteeism from unproductive activities. For example Barro and McCleary found that religious beliefs are important factors to explaining economic behaviour and to a certain extent why some nations develop than others. For example Protestantism in Europe and North American has boosted economic growth in these regions through promotion of capitalism. In contrast other studied found a negative effect of religion on economic. Thus, Beed and Beed found that Hinduism and Islam hindered growth and development of South Asia through promotion of violent behaviour.

The Yom Kippur War Essay -- Israel

Israeli preparation for war with Syria was less extensive than the Egyptian preparations, because the border was smaller (Approximately 80 miles vs. 40 miles) in comparison to the Egyptian-Israeli border. (See Figure 2. Israel - Syria Border). Israel built fortified Jewish settlements in the Golan. Anticipating Syriawould attack with armor, Israel made obstacles, tank traps, and minefields. Reinforced bunkers and tank placements were created. The battlefield plan was laid out with interlocking fields of fire to halt any Syrian advance. Israel had made peace with Jordan so there was no perceived need to fortify the Israel-Jordan border. Egyptian troop and installation preparations during the War of Attrition were in direct contrast to Israel’s Bar-Lev Line. Egypt did not anticipate a large scale attack across the Suez Canal so there was no need for the equivalent of a Bar-Lev Line on the west side of the Suez Canal. They did have mobile forces of armor, artillery, and infantry that harassed the Israelis with probes and artillery barrages. Egypt also practiced surge and retreat of troops along the Suez Canal. These surges were purposefully done to lull Israel into complacency and safety. Disinformation was practiced and journalists often found Arab documents detailing the shortcomings in Arab unity and military readiness. Egypt’s president Anwar Sadat contributed as well. Several times he had threatened military action against Israel and the deadlines passed with no repercussions. All the while, Sadat and his counterpart in Syria, President Hafez al Asad, were committed to military action. Egypt took a ction to address two specific Israeli advantages from the Six Day War, Israeli air superiority and Israeli tank operations. Egypt ... ...y the tactical advantage from 6-8 October and would attack the Golan Heights on three fronts, a northern from, a middle front, and a southern front. One division allocated for each front and a Ranger Battalion to take an Israeli command and control outpost in the high north. An intense barrage of Syrian artillery prepared the assault. Unfortunately for the Syrians, the terrain of the Golan Heights provided limited avenues of approach so Israel had well planned defensive positions. 37 Three divisions proceeded to advance in their corridor encountering stiff resistance from the undermanned, but well prepared defensive Israeli positions. Syrian armor had difficulty negotiating preplaced minefields, tank traps, and obstacles and it was â€Å"target practice†38 for the Israeli defenders and the Syrians suffered heavy losses. Syria still had strength in numbers on its side.

Pursasive Paper on Why College Gap Years Are a Good Thing.

Another reason gap years are a good thing is that is enforces responsibility. When a student wants to undergo a gap year there are a lot of steps and processes that need to be made. Some might say that this might just overwhelm the student anyways, but it will not. It helps the students understand the responsibilities to have this goal of their pursued. Gap years, like stated before, are not just for getting out of school work for a year. By organizing your own gap year you are forced to take ownership and responsibility of your plan.You will have to decide where you are going to go, what exactly you are going to do and how you are going to pay for your trip. You may have to make your own travel plans and living arrangements. You are ultimately responsible for all the details that go into making your gap year dream become a reality. A gap year student, Ashley Jamkins, graduate from University of Arkansas 2011 says, â€Å"When I first discussed gap year with my parents I did not real ize just how much planning and organizing was going to be needed to make this happen.I am thankful though, because it made me an all-around better organized person in all aspects, not just in my schooling. † (Green). College is a child’s first time away from home, where no one is going to tell them to go do the work that needs to be done, planning a gap year and pursuing one definitely helps students get their head around being self-motivated and self-organized to get what they need to get done accomplished.Every parent’s worst nightmare is seeing their son or daughter get kicked out of school because they were lacking in school work and responsibilities. Gap years only help in the following fall for the responsibility students will not only need in college, but the rest of their lives. In conclusion, Students who take a gap year tend to be self-motivated, not afraid of taking a risk, not bound by conventions and open to explore their interests and discover their passions.

Discuss the circumstances under which Satyams fra Essays

Discuss the circumstances under which Satyam's fra Essays Discuss the circumstances under which Satyam's fraud was exposed. 1, the failure of the acquisition of Maytas Infra and Maytas Properties which are promoted by two sons of satyam's chairman, Ramalinga Raju.These two companies are considered as business companies where they held more than 35%portion stake (significant realted party transcation involved in the acquisition) 2,the investors strongly against this acquisition , share price fell off by 30% Media and investors started raising doubts over the corporate governance practices at Satyam - considering a share buyback 3,World Bank suspended Satyam for eight years from doing any business with itself (offering brides to obtain lucrative contracts) 4,an independent director resigned (not opposing to the acquisition) 5, Infrastucture Leasing and Financial Services Trust sold 4.41 million shares which results in the decrease in the raju and his family stake in Satyam 6, market capitalization eroded by 40 % 7,former senior executive in Satyam sent out an anonymous email to board members and then forward ( include details about financial irregularities and fraud at Satyam. What do you think were the reasons for the fraud? Could this fraud have been prevented? 1, Low profit margin (3%) and increasing competitionoverstate profits to maintain the share price level which can make sure Satyam was not subjected to a hostile takeover. 2, raju could first think that a minor adjustment could be in the general interest of everyone concerned (cover up bad performance and become unmanagemeable with company expands) 3,Experts refuse to believe that the operating profit of Satyam could be as low as 3%. This leads to speculation that some of the money could have been siphoned off. 2. Critically evaluate the corporate governance mechanisms adopted at Satyam. Did they help to prevent fraud? First - internal audit (team headed by CFO ( financial gap in actual and stated profits was known to senior officials including the chief operating officer and the CFO Second- external audit (Pwc) - higher audit fee twice as peers exists bride to hide accounting irregulations( improper verification of cash and bank balances) Third the board has the audit committee headed by an independent board member 3. What lessons are learned from the Satyam case? 1. Investigate All Inaccuracies The fraud scheme at Satyam started small. Sound familiar? A lot of fraud schemes start out small, with the perpetrator thinking that small changes here and there won't make a big difference - and are less likely to be detected. This sends a message to a lot of companies: if your accounts aren't balancing or if something seems inaccurate, even just a tiny bit, it's worth investigating. Break down tasks so that there are checks in each area. Dividing responsibilities across a team of people makes it easier to detect irregularities or misappropriated funds. 2. Ruined Reputations Fraud doesn't just look bad on a company, it looks bad on the whole industry. According to a Reuters article, Accounting Scandal at Satyam Could be India's Enron : "India's biggest corporate scandal in memory threatens future foreign investment flows into Asia's third-largest economy and casts a cloud over growth in its once-booming outsourcing sector. The news sent Indian equity markets into a tailspin, with Bombay's main benchmark index tumbling 7.3% and the Indian rupee fell." The Satyam scandal subjected even the company's Indian rivals to greater scrutiny by regulators, investors and the public. 3. Corporate Governance Needs to be Stronger The Satyam case is just another example supporting the need for stronger corporate governance. Companies mustbe carefulwhen selecting executives and top level managers. These are the people who set the tone for the company - if there's corruption at the top, it's bound to trickle down. Separate the role of CEO and Chairman of the Board. When the same person takes on both roles, who's left to check up on the CEO? Splitting up the roles helps avoid situations like the one at Satyam. Auditing firms, likePricewaterhouse Coopersalso need to be brought under the regulatory umbrella. Without monitoring, it will be difficult to tell if the auditor and the company are working together to tamper with the accounts.

Free Essays on Eleanor Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt Although she won much respect as the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt gained a lot of her international esteem as a civil rights activist long before that. Eleanor’s interest in politics did not begin when her husband began his career in politics. Once he was named to the Democratic ticket, as Vice President Eleanor became interested in politics. While Franklin was becoming governor of New York she was campaigning for him unknowing that she was advancing her political career as well. Once Eleanor became first lady it was already done she had made a name for herself politically. Eleanor’s background in politics goes back to her Uncle Teddy who was once the President of the U.S. Eleanor married a young amiable Harvard student by the name of Franklin Roosevelt. But soon Franklin became bored with Business Law and Eleanor pushed him to go into politics. Aided by a Democratic landslide and his mom’s money he won State Senator from the Hyde Park District. But Eleanor hated Albany and was soon very happy to leave. Franklin liked his newfound success in politics and his career prospered swiftly. He soon became an early backer of Woodrow Wilson as he ran for president, for his efforts he was awarded the job of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the same job that propelled Eleanor’s Uncle Teddy to presidency. Eleanor liked Washington about as much as she liked Albany and spent little time there. In the years after that Franklin contacted polio and it was now up to Eleanor to keep his name before the public. Aided by Louis Howe she went on a mission to salvage her husband’s career. Louis went to meetings that she spoke at and though it took much criticism he managed to get rid of her nervous giggle. Soon Eleanor gained confidence and accepted offers to write in magazines and appear on radio talk shows. She had joined many groups including the Women’s Trade Union League and was also the chair of ... Free Essays on Eleanor Roosevelt Free Essays on Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Although she won much respect as the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt gained a lot of her international esteem as a civil rights activist long before that. Eleanor’s interest in politics did not begin when her husband began his career in politics. Once he was named to the Democratic ticket, as Vice President Eleanor became interested in politics. While Franklin was becoming governor of New York she was campaigning for him unknowing that she was advancing her political career as well. Once Eleanor became first lady it was already done she had made a name for herself politically. Eleanor’s background in politics goes back to her Uncle Teddy who was once the President of the U.S. Eleanor married a young amiable Harvard student by the name of Franklin Roosevelt. But soon Franklin became bored with Business Law and Eleanor pushed him to go into politics. Aided by a Democratic landslide and his mom’s money he won State Senator from the Hyde Park District. But Eleanor hated Albany and was soon very happy to leave. Franklin liked his newfound success in politics and his career prospered swiftly. He soon became an early backer of Woodrow Wilson as he ran for president, for his efforts he was awarded the job of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the same job that propelled Eleanor’s Uncle Teddy to presidency. Eleanor liked Washington about as much as she liked Albany and spent little time there. In the years after that Franklin contacted polio and it was now up to Eleanor to keep his name before the public. Aided by Louis Howe she went on a mission to salvage her husband’s career. Louis went to meetings that she spoke at and though it took much criticism he managed to get rid of her nervous giggle. Soon Eleanor gained confidence and accepted offers to write in magazines and appear on radio talk shows. She had joined many groups including the Women’s Trade Union League and was also the chair of ...

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science - Essay Example According to Clausewitz and Graham Scientific discoveries came from Art therefore, there is no Science without the mixture of Art (2008 pg. 82). Policy modeling can either be an art or science. Policy Modeling according to Estrada is an experimental research work supported by use of different qualitative models techniques and hypothesis to assess the cause of the past policy implications and the effect of the same to the society globally in the future (2010). The policy modeling can be further classified into several categories; communications, infrastructure and transportation policy modeling; energy; the domestic and international trade policy modeling; miscellaneous policy modeling; environmental and natural resources management policy modeling; fiscal and government spending policy modeling; labor, employment and population policy modeling; institutional, regulation and negotiation policy modeling; production and consumption policy modeling; monetary, banking and investment polic y modeling; welfare and social policy modeling; technological and R&D policy modeling; economic growth and development policy modeling. It is complex to understand the socio-economic of world’s environment, for example, the different behavior of subsystems, sectors, and regions within different time zones.

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example Science and technology are our greatest assets, and we must continue to help those students progress in their fields. The changes that Kerr proposes begins with a greater dependency on tuition. If students are serious about their degrees, and if they are entering higher-paying professions, they should be able to take on a higher tuition. This may seem like a negative to attending a research college, but it will also provide students with more learning opportunities while in school. Another proposition is that the government should be more concerned in the welfare of these students, especially since the students will be playing a large role in the economy. The public should also become concerned with the success of these students, and should help by providing facilities for learning, such as hospitals. Kerr believes that since these students will be helping society and the government with their education, then society and the government should be willing to help them in return by allowing them to receive this education. In â€Å"Magnet Schools and the Pursuit of Racial Balance,† Ellen Goldring and Claire Smrekar look to a different style of schooling, one that takes into consideration the importance of racial diversity. Magnet schools were originally designed in 1960 to offer students both educational opportunities that they would not find in traditional schools and unique experiences in racially segregated environments. However, the number of magnet schools have drastically risen since then, starting with an impressive spike that was seen in 1975, but many began to take different approaches to their teaching methods or what they offered. Even though segregation has stopped being a pressing issue, parents and teachers alike are still concerned that magnet schools uphold this one important aspect. A study was done among magnet schools in St. Louis

Stammering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stammering - Essay Example This paper examines the causes, symptoms, effects of stammering and methods of treating and managing the condition. Causes of stammer Researchers have studied stammering for a long period but a lot of information about the disorder remains relatively unknown. However, research studies indicate that the condition is caused by a combination of several factors, including developmental and environmental factors. From these contributing factors, the causes of the disorder are classified into two groups namely developmental and acquired. The beginning of developmental stammering is during early childhood and it progresses to the adulthood. Normally 20 percent of children are affected by developmental stammering from the age of about two and half months. During this age, most children are learning about speech and language skills (Bogue, 2005). Developmental stammering is the most common type and it is normally characterized by repetition of syllable or words. These signs are accompanied by other secondary symptoms including observable physical tensions while speaking. As the child develops into adulthood, he or she may start avoiding people or situations that require verbal communication. However, many young children are not cognizant about their speech disruptions. Children who develop the condition early may experience various patterns of stammering. In most situations, the speech disruption is in two episodes, occurring in sequences of stammering followed by periods of relative speech fluency (Bogue, 2005). Developmental stammering is easy to manage and most patients recover from the condition. However, in other situations, the affected children encounter much more difficulties while speaking as stuttering develops into an advanced stage. In such children, the initial relaxed stammering develops into a more tense and repetitive speech disruption accompanied by pauses and speech prolongations (Bogue, 2005). According to Lewis (1902), the development of stammering i n children could be influenced by environmental factors such as parenting of the affected child. Exerting intense pressure on the affected child in order to acquire normal speech increases development of stammering, because it undermines the confidence of the child (SFA, 2000). In addition, unregulated speech correction techniques applied by guardians make the affected child to become more anxious and fearful, which are some of the factors that accelerate the development of more chronic stammering (SFA, 2000). As the child grows older, secondary stammering symptoms become evident. These include avoiding social contact and situation requiring verbal communication, rapid blinking of the eyes and trembling of lips. Other behavioral symptoms that develop after the child becomes cognizant of stammering condition include phobia of sounds, people and situations that involve talking. The secondary reactions to stammering become more evident in adolescence and early adulthood causing a lot o f humiliation, shame and disappointment to the affected persons. In rare situations, adults with normal speech ability acquire language impairments, which lead to stammering (Lewis, 1902). According to NIDCD (2007), acquired stammering sometimes occur from neurological impairment, arising from medical conditions such as stroke, injury or trauma on the head, brain tumors and abuse of certain drugs. Acquired

Corruption of Love Within the Inncocent Essay Example for Free

Corruption of Love Within the Inncocent Essay Within the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein the concept of love is found within characters that are innocent and filled with good intentions. In all three works, love fills specified characters with joy and gratefulness towards the other characters who they claim to love. Unfortunately, the characters that experience love are only satisfied with its graces until it somehow gets corrupted. The minds of the victimized characters are filled with anger, hatred, and some with the idea of vengeance. Corruption of love within Othello, Dracula, and Frankenstein come with causes and effects. In the two works Frankenstein and Othello, both Frankenstein’s creation and Othello were in love. The creature was in love with the cottagers and Othello was in love with Desdemona. When being presented with evidence to no longer feel love towards the people they claim to admire- it causes them to hate. The corruption in the relationships of Jonathan Harker from Dracula and Victor Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein is primarily caused by the supernatural beings working against them. Frankenstein’s love (Elizabeth) is murdered by the beast he creates, and Jonathan’s love (Mina) was corrupted when she is bitten by Dracula. The effect of love being corrupted in the works Frankenstein and Dracula results with the characters to seek revenge and to stop Frankenstein’s creature and Dracula from causing more pain to humanity. As a result of the characters Othello and the monster created by Frankenstein having their love corrupted, they murder the people who they see as the motivation for all of their actions. Once these characters come to a realization of their mistakes, it is too late and they commit suicide. Thus the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein all focus on the causes and effects of love being corrupted within the innocent and how it changes its victims for the worst. The creation of Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein and Othello from the play Othello are b oth affectionate towards the ones they love. The creature loves the cottagers and Othello is in love with Desdemona. They put their loved ones on a pedestal and admire them for the many things they do. The cottagers taught the creation of Frankenstein how to socialize; how to speak, how to show affection towards others, to work with others, how to be humble, etc. By fascinating him and impressing him with the ways they lived their lives, he grew to love them without having to make a personal appearance. Othello is in love with a woman who he believes is forever loyal to him. Desdemona proves her love for Othello when she agrees to elope with him. As a token of Othello’s love, he presents Desdemona with a handkerchief that belonged to his mother. However, when the creation of Victor Frankenstein and Othello are given evidence that the ones they love are no longer worthy of their affection- their attitudes change completely and they let go of all previous feelings. Frankenstein’s creature had bad encounters with humans in the past, but from his observations of the De Lacey’s, he assumes they are different and won’t reject him. After discovering that he would undergo the same harsh treatment from his beloved cottagers as those from the other village, it is stated by the beast himself, â€Å"I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants and have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery† (125). He then changes his feelings of love towards humanity into hate, and swears to get revenge on the man who created and abandoned him to be tortured and neglected. Othello is told that his wife has been having affairs with one of his most trusted companions (Cassio). He dismisses the thought immediately and sees no threat until he is provided with visual proof from Iago. After seeing Cassio with his mother’s handkerchief, Othello perceives the innocent Desdemona as guilty. â€Å"Ay, let her rot and perish and be damned tonight, for she Shall not live† (4.1.172) exclaims Othello. The situation makes him so enraged that he no longer cares for her existence and he is now willing to get prepared to execute her. Therefore, the characters Othello and Frankenstein’s creation are filled with hatred and the need for vengeance once they feel that they are victims whose love has been corrupted and abused. The supernatural beings Count Dracula from the novel Dracula and the monster produced by Victor Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein work as the main forces that contribute to the corruption of the relationships of Jonathan Harker and Victor Frankenstein. Jonathan constantly shows his affection towards Mina by portraying her to be his motivation to stay alive in Dracula’s castle. Both he and his betrothed are anxious to be reunited. Growing up together, Frankenstein has always been very fond of Elizabeth. Both characters come to the conclusion that they share mutual feelings of love towards one another and decide to get married. Both couples remain happy until they have encounters with beings that have selfish intentions of destroying their relationships for their satisfaction. It is stated by Count Dracula, â€Å"Your girls that you all love are mine already; and through them you and others shall yet be mine my creatures, to do all my bidding and to be my jackals when I want to feed† (332). The quote implies that the female characters in the novel Dracula- like Mina Harker are no longer bonded with their lovers but are enslaved by The Count. When being held under the power of Dracula, Mina is not in her right state of mind and she no longer prioritizes her love for Jonathan. Victor Frankenstein is given an ultimatum by his creature to create a companion. However, Victor is unwilling because he does not want to be responsible for more chaos that could potentially be caused. After being denied of his request, the monster threatens, â€Å"I will be with you on your wedding night† (Frankenstein, 158), and the thought alone tormented Frankenstein. On Victor’s wedding night, the words of the monster were no longer a threat, but reality. Elizabeth was found murdered in their room. Therefore, when Count Dracula bites Mina and the monster created by Frankenstein murders Elizabeth; they corrupt the love of both couples by preventing the women to love their partners back. When love is corrupted in the two works Frankenstein and Dracula, outcomes are characters who want to seek revenge and to defeat both fiends before they cause more chaos and pain. The creature created by Frankenstein has proved itself to be dangerous to humanity. At first, the people who hadpersonal encounters with him just assumed he was a threat because of his appearance. After being so tired of being rejected, the beast shows himself as someone who would kill innocent people for satisfaction. Specifically, he targets Victor’s loved ones as a punishment for creating him and abandoning him in an atmosphere that does not accept him. In the novel Dracula, The Count is seen as a hazard as well. In one of his many forms, he approaches the innocent and attacks them with a bite so he can use them for his selfish needs. After the loss of practically everyone he holds dear to him, Victor decides that he has been through enough. â€Å"I devote myself, either in my life or death to hi s destruction† (191), concluded Victor confidently. By saying so, Victor made the commitment to devote the rest of his life to finding the beast that destroyed the lives of so many innocent people. The warning, â€Å"We must either capture or kill this monster in his lair; or we must, so to speak, sterilise the earth† (261), is said to inform that it is requirement to put an end to Dracula in order to save the rest of the human race from becoming his slaves. With that being said, Van Helsing and the other male characters eagerly set out on the hunt for Dracula. Therefore, results of love being corrupted within the works Dracula and Frankenstein are the affected characters feeling obligated to avenge the death of their loved ones and destroy those who inflicted pain so they can not hurt anyone else. Committing murder is a result of corrupted love in regards to the characters Othello from the work Othello and the monster created by Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein. The two types of murders that occur are ones directed towards people seen as the cause for feelings of being Victimized, and suicide from guilt and regret. Being persuaded that he has been betrayed by the innocent Desdemona, Othello is enraged by the idea and declares, â€Å"Yet she must die, else shell betray more men† (5.2.6). Determined to put an end to his wife, Othello does not realize that he is falsely accusing Desdemona, and is making a huge mistake by bringing her to her death bed. At first, the beast feels remorse for being responsible for personally taking two innocent lives. However, after being denied a companion, the monster of Frankenstein is filled with hatred and believes that it is essential for his creator to feel just as lonely as he does. He is not satisfied until all the loved ones in the life of Victor Cabildo Frankenstein are dead. After finally being revealed the truth about Desdemona’s innocence by Bianca, Othello is filled with shame, misery and regret. To punish himself for being responsible of destroying the love of his life, he kills himself to join her in the afterlife. Once the beast discovers the recent death of his creator he says, â€Å"What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst† (Frankenstein, 209). Feeling guilty and responsible of the situation, like Othello, the beast also decides to join the deceased by murdering himself. Therefore, the characters in the works Othello and Frankenstein who act as villains commit suicide because of the shame and regret that overwhelms their consciences when they realize they have murdered innocent people. Corruption of love in the relationships of the innocent characters in the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein are based on the causes and effects and how it alters its innocent targets to becoming their worst. Characters like Othello and the creation of Frankenstein freely showed their affection until they were provided with reason to express hatred. Thanks to the supernatural villains in the works Dracula and Frankenstein, love was corrupted in the relationships of Jonathan Harker and Victor Frankenstein when they could no longer approach their loved ones in the same way. When love was corrupted in the works Dracula and Frankenstein, the affected characters felt obligated to seek revenge and prevent any harm towards the rest of humanity by putting an end to the villains that posed a threat. By being affected by corrupted love, the characters Othello and the monster of Frankenstein even resorted to murdering innocent lives. Unfortunately they did not identify the mistakes that were made until it was too late. Out of guilt and shame of their actions and the villains commit suicide to join the ones they killed. With so many lives being lost throughout the three works, it can be seen as a tragedy. The love of those lost can never be expressed or brought back; and that defines the situation as turning out for the worst. Therefore, negative interferences in any shape or form contribute to the corruption of love within the innocent characters from the three works- which leads to the motivation for revenge and killing. Work Cited: Shakespeare, William. Othello New York: Washington Square Press: 1993. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein New York: Bantam: 2004. Stade, George. â€Å"Introduction†. Dracula New York: Bantam, 2006 v-xiv. Stoker, Bram. Dracula New York: Bantam: 2004.